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硬车削时须注重以下8个方面

发布时间:2013-08-08

  硬车削的目标是随切屑带走至少80%的热量,以保持零件的热稳定性。合理的硬车削系统可以减少甚至省去磨削以及与之相关的高昂的刀具成本和较长的加工时间。采用合理的硬车削工艺可获得0.0028?m的表面光洁度、0.0002?m的圆度和±0.005?m的直径公差。要想这样的精度在对淬硬前工件进行“软车削”的相同机床上达到这样的精车,从而最大限度地提高设备利用率不是不可以实现的。但由于某些工厂错误地选用了刀片(确切地说是选用了廉价刀片),或不清楚所用机床是否具有足够的刚性以承受二倍于普通车削的压力,从而使得硬车削工艺没有充分地、完全地发挥出其高率。因此,硬车削时须注重以下8个方面:

  1、工件和刀具

  尽管45HRC硬度是硬车削的起始点,但硬车削经常在硬度高于60HRC以上硬度的工件上进行。硬车削材料通常包括工具钢、轴承钢、渗碳钢以及铬镍铁合金、耐蚀耐热镍基合金、钨铬钴合金等特殊材料。根据冶金学,在切深范围内硬度偏差小(小于2个HRC)的材料可显示出最好的过程可预测性。最适合于硬车削的零件具有较小的长径比(L/D),一般来说,无支撑工件的L/D之比不大于4:1,有支撑工件的L/D之比不大于8:1。尽管细长零件有尾架支撑,但是由于切削压力过大仍有可能引起刀振。

  在传统刀具制造中,刀柄材料通常是45钢调质到HB210-240,而在硬车削工艺中采用的刀柄硬度应提高1.5倍。为了最大限度地增加硬车削的系统刚性,刀具伸出长度不得大于刀杆高度的1.5倍,工件在装夹时也应尽量减小悬伸长度。

  2、机床和工艺系统

  除选择合理的刀具外,机床刚度决定了硬车削的加工精度。近15~20年内制造的机床几乎都有很好的刚性,足以承受硬车削。若车床或车削中心刚度足够,且加工软的工件时能得到所要求的精度和表面粗糙度,即可用于淬硬钢的加工,精心维护的普通车床都可以用于硬车削。为了保证车削操作的平稳和连续,常用的方法是采用刚性夹紧装置和中等前角刀具。并保证工件在切削力作用下其定位、支承和旋转可以保持相当平稳。系统刚性最大化意味着尽量减少悬空、刀具延伸和零件伸出,并取消调隙片和垫圈,其目标是保持所有零部件尽可能地接近转塔刀架。

  3、刀片

  尽管立方氮化硼(CBN)刀片的价格昂贵,但CBN刀片最适合于硬车削。CBN刀片能够在断续切削过程中保持定位不变,在连续切削过程中提供安全的刀具磨损率。当采用合理的硬车削工艺时,CBN刀片除了在控制直径公差方面比不上磨削以外,其它性能都是首屈一指的。

  陶瓷不如CBN耐磨,因此一般不用于公差要求小于±0.025mm的加工。陶瓷不适合于断续切削,而且不能加冷却液,因为冷热冲击可能造成刀片破裂。刀片的钝缘几何形状是陶瓷材料的固有特点,这一特点使切削力增大而工件表面光洁度下降。另外,陶瓷刀片刃口断裂可能是灾难性的,它可能导致所有切削刃均不能使用。

  金属陶瓷(立方碳化钛)对连续切削渗碳硬化材料很有效,尽管它不具备CBN那样的耐磨性,但这类刀片在大多数情况下会成比例地磨损而不断裂。正前角刀片由于其切削力较小,通常用在刚性不高的机床上进行硬车削。关于刀片的最合理应用,建议与刀具供应商密切合作,特别是在最初阶段,以迅速达到最佳切削速度。

  4、冷却液

  其最大问题是用还是不用冷却液。对于齿轮之类的断续切削零件来说,最好采用“干车削”,否则进刀和退刀时的热冲击很可能引起刀片破裂。至于连续切削,刀头在干车削过程中产生的高温足以韧化(软化)预切削区域,从而降低材料硬度使之易于剪切。这个现象说明了干切削时增大速度是有益的。同时,无冷却液切削方式具有明显的成本优势。

  在连续切削中,冷却液可能有助于延长刀具寿命和提高表面光洁度。问题的关键是要使冷却液能够到达刀头,高压喷吸冷却法是解决这个问题的最好办法,因为它不容易在高温下蒸发。此外,高压可以减少切屑堆积,从而减少因为切屑阻塞对冷却液流至刀头的影响。另一个办法是将冷却液同时喷压到刀片的顶部和底部,以确保冷却液连续到达刀头。

  如果使用冷却液,其成份必须是水基的。在完全匹配的硬车削过程中形成的切屑可以带走80%~90%的热量(切削区域最高温度可达1700°F)。如此炽热的切屑一旦接触低燃点冷却油,整个工序将有可能遭到彻底破坏。如果在敞开式机床上进行硬车削,必须增加适当的保护装置,避免操作人员被切屑烫伤。

  5、加工工艺

  因为硬车削产生的热量大部分由切屑带走,加工前后对切屑进行检查可以发现整个过程是否协调。连续切削时,切屑应该呈炽燃的橙黄色,并象一根缎带似地飘逸而出。如果切屑冷却后用手一压基本断裂,表明切屑带走的热量是正常的。

  6、白化层

  令人讨厌的“白化层(热影响区)”可能出现在硬车削和磨削操作中,即在材料表面形成一层肉眼看不见的非常薄(通常1?m)的硬壳。在硬车削过程中形成白化层,一般是因为刀片钝化导致过多的热量传递到零件内部。白化层经常在轴承钢上形成,而且对于轴承圈之类需要承受高接触压力的零件是非常有害的,随着时间的推移,白化层可能剥离并导致轴承失效。

  对于刚开始从事硬车削的工厂,建议在生产的头几周内进行随机抽查,以确定每个刀片能够车削多少零件而不形成白化层。另外,一个刀片即使可加工400个零件,也有可能在加工300件后就变钝并且开始使零件表面产生白化层。

  7、镗孔

  镗削淬硬材料需要很大的切削压力,因此往往需成倍增加镗杆承受的扭力和切向力。采用正前角(35°或55°)、小刀尖半径刀片可以减小切削压力。在增加切削速度的同时减小切深和进刀速度,也是减小切削压力的办法。

  镗孔时,刀具必须与零件同心或略高于零件中心,因为切削引起的挠曲变形会降低实际中心线的位置降低了。最好的夹紧形式是全长度对开套筒。在镗削淬硬材料时,全长度对开套筒夹头可提供最高的刀夹刚度。其次是弹簧夹头和单点螺丝夹头。

  8、车螺纹

  采用合适的刀片几何形状是在淬硬材料上车螺纹的关键,最好的螺纹刀片是类似于镗杆上安装的三角形刀片。在淬硬材料上车螺纹时,为了控制切削压力和延长刀片寿命,有必要增加走刀次数并减小切深。另一种选择是采用交替式侧面切入方式,可改变切削力承受位置并延长刀具寿命。



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