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刀具材料对刀具切削性能和加工效率与质量

发布时间:2013-08-08

 在机械制造中,刀具材料对刀具切削性能和加工效率与质量,具有决定性的作用。计算机集成先进加工系统的出现,各种难加工材料在不同行业的应用,高速切削和高效切削以及精密加工、绿色制造的不断向前发展,对刀具特别是对刀具材料提出了全新的更高的要求。

  自20世纪中期以後,工程材料中不断出现和应用难加工金属和非金属材料。原用的刀具,如高速钢、硬质合金刀具等难以胜任其加工要求,於是超硬刀具材料便应运而生。

  最早的超硬刀具材料只有金刚石和立方氮化硼(PCBN)两种。人类从使用天然金刚石开始,後来研制成功人造金刚石和立方氮化硼,这两种材料虽然已得到广泛应用,但因其价格很高,成型和加工都颇为困难,加上金刚石刀具不能加工黑色金属,应用推广受到限制。

  新型刀具材料CNx

  近年来出现了一种新型刀具材料氮化碳。美国物理学家A.M.Lin和M.L.Cohen用分子工程理论,设计出新型超硬无机化合物CNx。根据体弹模量的计算,这种化合物可以达到接近甚至超过氮化硼和金刚石的硬度。

  利用de反应磁控溅射工艺,国内外的物理和材料科技人员能在不同的基体材料上沉积出CNx超硬薄膜。这种薄膜具有高硬度、高耐磨、低摩擦和强导热等性质,而且不与黑色金属产生化学反应。

  1.CNx薄膜的机械性能

  国内物理学家在高速钢刀具和硬质合金刀具上沉积CNx薄膜,其表面显微硬度经测量为4000?7200HV。可见其硬度已达到立方氮化硼的硬度,但稍低於人造金刚石的硬度。也有人曾用划痕法测量过CNx薄膜涂层的附着力,验证其达到了JB/T8365标准规定。

  2.CNx表面涂层刀具的实验

  (1)CNx表面涂层高速钢刀具的钻削实验

  笔者用直径Φ10.5mm的M2(W6Mo5Cr4V2)高速钢麻花钻,进行CNx表面涂层,涂层厚度3?5μm。用涂层前後的相同钻头在38CrNi3MoVA(经过调质,硬度为36?40HRC)高强度钢上钻孔,孔深为12mm。

  切削用量:进给量f=0.13mm/r,转速n=600r/min,切削速度v=19.8m/min;不加切削液。这样的工况下,每钻一个孔约耗时9.6s,刀具磨损值VB在钻头最大直径处的後刀面上测量。同时,为了进行不同涂层的对比,笔者又用常规的PVD工艺制成的TiN表面涂层的M2高速钢麻花钻,与上述麻花钻一并进行钻孔实验。钻孔实验结果如图1所示。

  由图1可见,如用0.3mm後刀面磨损量为磨钝标准,则CNx涂层钻头可钻48个孔,约为未涂层钻头的8倍、TiN涂层钻头的2倍。可见,CNx涂层对提高耐磨性的效果非常显着。TiN涂层钻头的钻孔数为24个。未涂层M2钻头的钻孔数为6个。

  (2)CNx表面涂层硬质合金刀片的车削实验

  ①笔者用K30硬质合金刀片为基体,涂覆CNx薄膜,车削T12A淬硬工具钢(硬度61HRC)。将其与未涂层的K30刀片进行对比,参加对比的还有立方氮化硼(PCBN)车刀。

  切削用量:切削深度ap=0.5mm,进给量f=0.1mm/r,切削速度v=60m/min。

  刀具几何参数:前角γo=0°,後角αo=8°,主偏角κr=90°,刃倾角λS=-4°,刀尖圆孤半径rε=0.8mm。

  三种刀具(片)的磨损曲线见图2。可见,未涂层的K30硬质合金刀片车削淬硬工具钢,仅仅3min时,後刀面磨损量VB即达0.3mm。CNx涂层刀片当VB达0.3mm时,切削时间达15min。

  而PCBN车刀切削20min,VB方为0.2mm。预计PCBN车刀的使用寿命可超过30min。

  ②又用P20硬质合金刀片为基体,涂覆CNx薄膜,车削60Si2Mn高强度钢(调质,硬度40HRC)。与未涂层的P20刀片进行对比。参加对比的还有用CVD工艺制成的TiC表面涂层的硬质合金刀片,称为YBo2。

  切削用量:切削深度ap=1mm,进给量f=0.15mm/r,切削速度v=150m/min。

  刀具几何参数:前角γo=4°,後角αo=8°,主偏角κr=45°,刃倾角λs=-4°,刀尖圆孤半径rε=0.8mm。

  由图3可见,取磨钝标准为VB=0.3mm,未涂层P20刀片的切削时间仅约为10min;YBo2刀片的切削时间约为30min,是P20的3倍。CNx涂层刀片切削30min後,VB仅为0.15mm;估计VB达0.3mm时,切削时间可达40min。

  分析与讨论

  从以上的实验研究可以看出,CNx涂层刀具的硬度能达到PCBN的水平并接近於金刚石,切削效果显着,其使用寿命大大高於未涂层的高速钢刀具和硬质合金刀具,也高於TiN、TiC涂层刀具。且CNx与黑色金属之间呈惰性,不起化学作用。同时,C和N资源丰富,不存在资源匮乏的问题。由此分析,CNx涂层刀具大有发展前途和应用前景。

  但是,值得特别提请注意的是,鉴於CNx涂层刀具的基础工作尚做得不够,必须认真对待以下各方面:

  (1)应实施CNx的机械、物理性能的全面测试工作,如密度、导热系数、强度、弹性模量以及冲击值的测试等等。

  (2)高速钢钻头经CNx涂层,取得了显着的切削效果。且巿售的磨制钻头,即可用以涂层,不需另行精化。其它高速钢刀具,如车刀、铣刀、丝锥、齿轮滚刀和插齿刀等,有待逐一涂覆CNx,进行实验,以充分考察其切削效果。

  (3)除了车刀以外,还应在其它硬质合金刀具(如铣刀,特别是整体硬质合金钻头和立铣刀等)上涂覆CNx,进行切削实验。

  (4)作为基体,有待研究各种硬质合金与CNx涂层之间的结合力,从而优选出最好的硬质合金基体材料。同时,还应研究CNx涂层硬质合金刀具的涂前处理。

  (5)当今,各种新的涂层方法和涂层材料品种相继出现,如TiAlN、TiCrN、Al2O3及其多层涂覆,也有待与CNx涂层刀具实施对比,进一步确定CNx涂层的使用价值。

  (6)探讨生成CNx厚膜的可能性。

  总之,在做好CNx涂层刀具的基础工作之後进行推广应用,如果贪图急功近利,则往往只能“欲速则不达”。



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