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刀具高要求应对高速加工

发布时间:2013-08-08

图1  采用CBN100刀片精车恒速加工后的联轴器

  高速切削对刀具的材料、镀层、几何形状以及刀柄系统、平衡技术等提出了很高的要求。

  高速加工意味着高的主轴转速与进给速度,一般把主轴转速在10000~20000r/min以上定为高速加工,进给速度通常要达到15~50m/min。高速加工对机床的主轴系统、进给传动系统、冷却润滑系统与程序控制系统等都提出了更高的要求。对于刀具制造商而言,高速加工的另一种表述就是高速切削,意味着高的切削线速度与进给量。高速切削对刀具的材料、镀层、几何形状以及刀柄系统、平衡技术等提出了很高的要求。

  高速切削刀具材料

  1. 超硬刀具材料

  目前适应高速切削的代表性材料是立方氮化硼(CBN)。Secomax是山高刀具公司提供的基于PCBN(聚晶立方氮化硼)的高性能切削刀具材质等级系列,刀片的形式包括镶焊PCBN刀片、整层表面PCBN刀片与整体PCBN刀片。目前的Secomax材质等级系列是CBN350、CBN300、CBN200、CBN20、CBN150、CBN100 与 CBN10,其中CBN100、CBN300、CBN350为整体型PCBN,其余为烧结型PCBN。Secomax的材质等级是为加工淬硬钢、珠光体灰铸铁、冷硬铸铁和高温合金等专门研制的。

  低含量CBN(45%~65%)主要用于精加工45~61HRC的淬硬钢,山高的CBN150、CBN100 与 CBN10属于这个范畴。高含量CBN(80%~90%)主要用于粗、半粗加工镍、铬铸铁,断续切削淬硬钢,高速切削铸铁、硬金属、烧结金属与重合金等,山高的CBN350、CBN300、CBN200、CBN20属于这个范畴。除了CBN之外,聚晶金刚石(PCD)胜任有色金属的高速切削加工。

图2  SNMM190616/24W-R7型刀片

  PCD刀具能以2500~5000m/min的高速切削含硅量<12%的铝合金。如在联轴器的精车恒速加工中(淬硬钢,60 HRC,锻件),使用的CBN100刀片,在切削速度180m/min、进给量0.15mm/r、切削深度0.15mm的情况下,加工时间比磨削减少了40%(图1)。

  2. 涂层硬质合金刀具

  硬质合金刀具的硬涂层可提高刀具寿命和生产率。化学气相沉积(CVD)技术已从早期的单涂层发展到现在的由TiC、TiN、TiCN、Al2O3复合多涂层与中温(MT)CVD TiCN涂层,而且通过选择涂层的顺序及涂层的总厚度来满足特种金属切削的要求,尤其是Al2O3涂层可提供包括高的抗扩散性磨损、优良的抗氧化性和高的热硬度等极好的高温性能,所以在铸铁及钢等材料高速加工获得广泛应用。

  山高在车削领域推出了可用于高速加工的TPX000系列与TKX000系列材质等级。TP1000在加工钢件时推荐切削速度(建议的进给量f=0.2mm/r)达到630m/min;TK1000在加工钢件与铸铁的推荐切削速度(建议的进给量f=0.2mm/r)分别达到625m/min与550m/min,超过高速切削该类工件材料的下限500m/min。在模具加工里,山高Jabro刀具公司推出的Tornado系列是针对高速加工特别开发的一个完整系列的整体硬质合金立铣刀。Jabro的金刚石涂层立铣刀系列针对高速切削石墨材料。JH410系列单刃立铣刀适用于高速铣削铝合金,金属切除率高达6800cm3/min。在材质为铝合金的飞机框架零件的高速铣削加工中,使用JH410 φ17加工,在转速25000r/min、进给量fz=1.2mm (进给速度F=30m/min)的情况下,切削深度可达16mm,切削宽度17mm,金属切除率6800cm3/min。

图3  高进给铣刀R217/220.21

  高速切削刀刃形状

  刀具切削刃形状正向着高刚性、复合化、多刃化等方向发展。高速切削不同材料时的几何参数对加工质量、刀具耐用度有很大的影响。一般前角比传统加工方法小10,后角约大5~8。为防止刀尖处的热磨损,主、副切削刃连接处应圆弧过渡,提高刀具刚性与减少刀刃磨损的概率。

  山高刀具的高进给车刀与高进给铣刀都采用了适应高速切削的刀刃形状。例如,外圆车削:使用改进的DSKNR/L刀杆(主偏角15),刀片型号为SNMM190616/24W-R7(图2),进给量最大值2.5mm/r,切削深度最大值2.5mm。端面车削:使用标准的DSKNR/L刀杆(主偏角75),刀片型号为SNMM190616/24W-R7,进给量最大值1.5mm/r,切削深度最大值12mm。

  在铣削应用里,山高拥有高进给铣刀R217/220.21(图3),刀片采用型号为218.19的凸三角形刀片,最大进给量为3.0mm/z。另外,享有盛誉的小魔王铣刀也推出了适用于高进给铣削的刀片,标准的平面铣刀也可安装适用于高进给铣削的刀夹。

图4   D型精密弹簧夹头刀柄

  高速切削刀柄系统与动平衡技术

  高速切削条件下刀具与机床的连接必须可靠,刀具系统应该有足够的整体刚性。传统的7: 24锥度的单面夹紧刀具系统不适用于高速加工,目前比较成熟的产品为1:10中空短锥刀柄系统(HSK)。山高刀具公司主要供应HSK A型与E型刀柄,适用于装夹平面铣刀、方肩铣刀与小直径整体硬质合金铣刀。D型精密弹簧夹头刀柄的最高转速为100000r/min。HSK-A63型液压刀柄的转速上限为40000r/min,3倍刀具直径处的径向跳动量为3μm(图4)。

  在平衡刀具之前,需要测量不平衡量的大小和每个选择的校正平面的角度位置。理论上,完美的平衡在平衡刀具时是可以获得的。在现实应用里,因为成本的考虑和刀具的限制,完美的平衡仅在十分幸运时达到。因此,精度等级必须设置成允许一定量的把有害影响控制在一个可接受水平的残余不平衡。正确平衡的刀具能显著减轻噪声和振动,这使得刀具寿命增加而且零件精度一致性更好。山高EPB的Libraflex系列精镗刀自带动平衡调节环,径向调节型式的精镗刀的最高切削速度为1500m/min,轴向调节型式的精镗刀的最高转速为20000r/min。



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