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PCD和PCBN刀具制造及应用

发布时间:2013-08-08
PCD(金刚石复合片)和PCBN(立方氮化硼复合片)刀具是在上世纪七十年代发展起来的新型超硬复合材料加工刀具。金刚石复合片和立方氮化硼复合片因都采用硬质合金作衬底材料,有效降低了人造金刚石或立方氮化硼的使用量,具有可焊接性,兼具高硬度和高抗弯强度(金刚石的抗弯强度为210~490MPa,而PCD的抗弯强度可达1,500MPa),能承受一定的冲击载荷,因而在日益追求高速切削、高精度切削的今天,必然地得到越来越多的刀具用户和刀具生产厂家的青睐。在切削加工方面正发挥着越来越多的重要作用。目前已有基本替代金刚石聚晶、立方氮化硼聚晶刀具的趋势。

  金刚石复合片(PCD)、立方氮化硼复合片(PCBN)是在超高压高温下,利用少量粘结剂,把细粒度超硬材料聚结成无气孔、密实的多晶层;同时,使得超硬材料和硬质合金两层材料既致密又牢牢地“复合”、粘结为整体的超硬复合材料。在“复合”、粘结的过程中,利用了多晶层粘结剂元素、超硬材料元素(C或N、B,其中B扩散性较小)、硬质合金衬底中成分(主要为Co,W元素扩散性较小)的互换性,产生了粘结、反应、“扎钉”、机械镶嵌等作用。在这个过程中,受冷收缩系数要相互接近,硬质合金要二次液相烧结,元素要扩散,造成适宜的成份各材料相或其组分团的梯度。

  PCD和PCBN刀具制造,要经过对片基的切割、刀头磨削、焊接、焊接后磨削等多道加工工序才能完成。

  1.PCD、PCBN的切割、磨削

  用于刀具制造的金刚石复合片、立方氮化硼复合片一般是由圆片基材切割加工而成的,当然也可以直接烧结合成出来,尤其是长、宽尺寸差别不大的长方形、圆形等。刀具用复合片形状有圆形、半圆形、扇形(450、600、900即1/4圆形)、以及长方形等。

  经切割加工或直接合成出的复合片刀(头)坯,在固定到刀体之前之前需要适当磨削加工,主要是针对衬底底面(为使焊接时接触平整、粘结牢固)和非刀刃面(主要是为了美观),一般可手工研磨,也可用金刚石砂轮粗磨。

  应该指出,对用于刀具的复合片,还需要结合刀具加工条件和要求在合成时从超硬材料粒度方面进行合理选择:20~50?m的中粗粒度,合成出的PCD(金刚石复合片)和PCBN(立方氮化硼复合片)耐磨性好、热导性好,但抗弯强度和耐冲击性稍差,使用时易产生微小崩刃,因粒度较粗也制约了刀刃锋利度的提高,故不适合高精切削,此类刀头可用于半精加工;5~20?m的中细粒,合成出的PCD(金刚石复合片)和PCBN(立方氮化硼复合片)耐磨性和耐冲击性均适中,可用于粗、半精加工;0.5~5?m的细微粒,合成出的PCD(金刚石复合片)和PCBN(立方氮化硼复合片)耐磨性较低,但抗弯强度和耐冲击性高,刃口锋锐度好,不易崩刃,可用于高精加工或半精加工。

  另外,由于各个厂家技术水平及使用设备(六面顶或两面顶)不同,所生产的PCD 和PCBN质量也不同。某些厂家生产的的PCD 和PCBN上下面平行度误差大,刀具生产厂家在选择复合片供应商时,也会虑及 。

  2. PCD、PCBN刀头与刀体的联接固定及焊接

  加工好金刚石复合片或立方氮化硼复合片刀头后,就可以开始与刀体联接固定。常用工程化的固定方法有焊接法(广泛应用高频焊接)和机械加固法。机械加固法即是将复合片刀头底面和加压面磨平,用压板加压固定在刀体上。为使用时的临时加固方法,如同使用修整块修正砂轮时的夹固。只针对圆片状、长方形、三角形、且规格较大的复合片刀头。近年随着高强度、耐高温金属粘结剂的工程应用,也可以尝试用“粘结法”固定刀头。除机夹刀片外,其它固定法的刀头一般还需要单独研磨以达到规定的形状、尺寸、刃面粗糙度和几何角度。

  焊接之前,要检查复合片有无裂纹、凹陷、多晶层剥离等缺陷(对目前越来越多的大尺寸复合片基材,在使用前还要抽查其片基不同位置的硬度与组织的一致性),然后进行除油等清理工作,同时对刀杆或刀垫焊接部位进行清理,马上焊接。目前国内外对复合片刀头的焊接使用较多的是熔点低、流动性好、焊接强度高的银含量较高的钎焊焊料,如Ag45Cu18Zn19Cd18。复合片的焊接可采用事先裁好的与刀头形状、尺寸相近的片状焊料,也可采用粉状焊料;焊片或粉状焊料熔点要求7000C以下,焊接时的温度不能高于8000C,以防止复合片两层间因大的热应力差而剥离,或是因结合剂或衬底层中的钴侵蚀金刚石;焊接要采用助焊剂来助熔和清除赃物;一般采用普通高频焊机辅以合适的工装来焊接刀具;焊接过程中要保持好PCD 和PCBN刀头的位置(可采用合适的钎焊定位胎具实现精确定位);焊好的刀具需要缓慢冷却,对高精度刀具建议采用专门的焊后保温装置。焊接时的温度取决于钎焊材料的熔点,一般在6500~6600C之间,需要精确控温精细操作。真空钎焊虽然有少用或不用钎助剂等优点,在PCD和PCBN刀具焊接方面,却并不合适。究其原因,在于当大批量放置PCD和PCBN刀头时,一来焊接温度不均匀,二来刀头位置容易移动,质量不易得到保证。

  3. PCD、PCBN刀具焊接后的磨削

  焊好的金刚石复合片或立方氮化硼复合片刀具(包括带刀杆的或是焊在刀垫上的)以及准备直接机卡用的刀头需要磨削。磨削分粗磨、半精磨、精磨和研磨四个过程。粗磨可用陶瓷碳化硅砂轮或树脂金刚石砂轮,粒度可用120~200目或更细些;半精磨或精磨可用树脂金刚石砂轮或金属结合剂电解磨轮(需电解磨削),粒度用到200目~W14;研磨常用金刚石研磨膏,可采用W10~W3.5?m。近年来,有不少厂家采用陶瓷结合剂金刚石砂轮或CBN砂轮来作为制造超硬材料刀具的磨削砂轮,效果也很不错。

  磨削之前,需要确认刀具和磨削砂轮的安装牢固程度;在磨床上进行批量生产时还要注意设计制作定位精确的专用刀具刃磨夹具;需采用湿磨,可采用加有防锈剂的冷却液或为弱碱性乳化液(电解磨需用专门的电解磨削液);磨削时要让磨削砂轮沿刀具切削刃摆动以使砂轮边缘磨损均匀,保证切削刃形状、精度以及锋锐度,同时也可以提高磨削效率;粗磨时进刀量宜控制为0.01mm/双行程,半精磨和精磨宜用0.005 mm/双行程进刀量;研磨可在铸铁研磨盘(具)上进行(近年有人采用专门制作的高分子材料和陶瓷复合材质研磨具,也取得了良好效果),要求操作人员技艺熟练,要勤检查刀具的各种几何参数及刃面粗糙度。



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