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如何正确选择刀具涂层

发布时间:2013-08-08

  对小型圆形刀具进行正确的表面处理可以提高刀具寿命,减少加工循环时间,提升加工表面质量。但是,根据加工需要正确选择刀具涂层有可能是一件令人困惑和费劲的工作。每一种涂层在切削加工中都既有优势又有缺点,如果选用了不恰当的涂层,有可能导致刀具寿命低于未涂层刀具,有时甚至会引出比涂层以前更多的问题。

  目前已有许多种刀具涂层可供选择,包括PVD涂层、CVD涂层以及交替涂覆PVD和CVD的复合涂层等,从刀具制造商或涂层供应商那里可以很容易地获得这些涂层。本文将介绍一些刀具涂层共有的属性以及一些常用的PVD、CVD涂层选择方案。在确定选用何种涂层对于切削加工最为有益时,涂层的每一种特性都起着十分重要的作用。

  1.涂层的特性

  (1)硬度

  涂层带来的高表面硬度是提高刀具寿命的最佳方式之一。一般而言,材料或表面的硬度越高,刀具的寿命越长。氮碳化钛(TiCN)涂层比氮化钛(TiN)涂层具有更高的硬度。由于增加了含碳量,使TiCN涂层的硬度提高了33%,其硬度变化范围约为Hv3000~4000(取决于制造商)。表面硬度高达Hv9000的CVD金刚石涂层在刀具上的应用已较为成熟,与PVD涂层刀具相比,CVD金刚石涂层刀具的寿命提高了10~20倍。金刚石涂层的高硬度和切削速度可比未涂层刀具提高2~3倍的能力使其成为非铁族材料切削加工的不错选择。

  (2)耐磨性

  耐磨性是指涂层抵抗磨损的能力。虽然某些工件材料本身硬度可能并不太高,但在生产过程中添加的元素和采用的工艺可能会引起刀具切削刃崩裂或磨钝。

  (3)表面润滑性

  高摩擦系数会增加切削热,导致涂层寿命缩短甚至失效。而降低摩擦系数可以大大延长刀具寿命。细腻光滑或纹理规则的涂层表面有助于降低切削热,因为光滑的表面可使切屑迅速滑离前刀面而减少热量的产生。与未涂层刀具相比,表面润滑性更好的涂层刀具还能以更高的切削速度进行加工,从而进一步避免与工件材料发生高温熔焊。

  (4)氧化温度

  氧化温度是指涂层开始分解时的温度值。氧化温度值越高,对在高温条件下的切削加工越有利。虽然TiAlN涂层的常温硬度也许低于TiCN涂层,但事实证明它在高温加工中要比TiCN有效得多。TiAlN涂层在高温下仍能保持其硬度的原因在于可在刀具与切屑之间形成一层氧化铝,氧化铝层可将热量从刀具传入工件或切屑。与高速钢刀具相比,硬质合金刀具的切削速度通常更高,这就使TiAlN成为硬质合金刀具的首选涂层,硬质合金钻头和立铣刀通常采用这种PVD TiAlN涂层。

  (5)抗粘结性

  涂层的抗粘结性可防止或减轻刀具与被加工材料发生化学反应,避免工件材料沉积在刀具上。在加工非铁族金属(如铝、黄铜等)时,刀具上经常会产生积屑瘤(BUE),从而造成刀具崩刃或工件尺寸超差。一旦被加工材料开始粘附在刀具上,粘附就会不断扩大。例如,用成型丝锥加工铝质工件时,加工完每个孔后丝锥上粘附的铝都会增加,以至最后使得丝锥直径变得过大,造成工件尺寸超差报废。具有良好抗粘结性的涂层甚至在冷却液性能不良或浓度不足的加工场合也能起到很好的作用。

  2.常用的涂层

  (1)氮化钛涂层(TiN)

  TiN是一种通用型PVD涂层,可以提高刀具硬度并具有较高的氧化温度。该涂层用于高速钢切削刀具或成形工具可获得很不错的加工效果。

  (2)氮碳化钛涂层(TiCN)

  TiCN涂层中添加的碳元素可提高刀具硬度并获得更好的表面润滑性,是高速钢刀具的理想涂层。

  (3)氮铝钛或氮钛铝涂层(TiAlN/AlTiN)

  TiAlN/AlTiN涂层中形成的氧化铝层可以有效提高刀具的高温加工寿命。主要用于干式或半干式切削加工的硬质合金刀具可选用该涂层。根据涂层中所含铝和钛的比例不同,AlTiN涂层可提供比TiAlN涂层更高的表面硬度,因此它是高速加工领域又一个可行的涂层选择。

  (4)氮化铬涂层(CrN)

  CrN涂层良好的抗粘结性使其在容易产生积屑瘤的加工中成为首选涂层。涂覆了这种几乎无形的涂层后,高速钢刀具或硬质合金刀具和成形工具的加工性能将会大大改善。

  (5)金刚石涂层(Diamond)

  CVD金刚石涂层可为非铁金属材料加工刀具提供最佳性能,是加工石墨、金属基复合材料(MMC)、高硅铝合金及许多其它高磨蚀材料的理想涂层(注意:纯金刚石涂层刀具不能用于加工钢件,因为加工钢件时会产生大量切削热,并导致发生化学反应,使涂层与刀具之间的粘附层遭到破坏)。

  适用于硬铣、攻丝和钻削加工的涂层各不相同,分别有其特定的使用场合。此外,还可以采用多层涂层,此类涂层在表层与刀具基体之间还嵌入了其它涂层,可以进一步提高刀具的使用寿命。

  3.涂层的成功应用

  实现涂层的高性价比应用可能取决于许多因素,但对于每种特定的加工应用而言,通常只有一种或几种可行的涂层选择。涂层及其特性的选择是否正确可能就意味着加工性能明显提高与几乎没有改善之间的区别。切削深度、切削速度和冷却液都可能对刀具涂层的应用效果产生影响。

  由于在一种工件材料的加工中存在着许多变量,因此确定选用何种涂层的最好方法之一就是通过试切。涂层供应商们正在不断开发更多的新涂层,以进一步提高涂层的耐高温、耐摩擦和耐磨损性能。与涂层(刀具)制造商一起验证最新、最好的刀具涂层在加工中的应用总是一件好事。



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