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刀具磨损的形态及其原因

发布时间:2013-08-08

一 刀具磨损的形态及其原因
切削金属时,刀具一方面切下切屑,另一方面刀具本身也要发生损坏。刀具损坏的形式主要有磨损和破损两类。前者是连续的逐渐磨损;后者包括脆性破损(如崩刃、碎断、剥落、裂纹破损等)和塑性破损两种。刀具磨损后,使工件加工精度降低,表面粗糙度增大,并导致切削力加大、切削温度升高,甚至产生振动,不能继续正常切削。因此,刀具磨损直接影响加工效率、质量和成本。刀具磨损的形式有以下几种:
前刀面磨损
后刀面磨损
边界磨损
从对温度的依赖程度来看,刀具正常磨损的原因主要是机械磨损和热、化学磨损。机械磨损是由工件材料中硬质点的刻划作用引起的,热、化学磨损则是由粘结(刀具与工件材料接触到原子间距离时产生的结合现象)、扩散(刀具与工件两摩擦面的化学元素互相向对方、腐蚀等)引起的。
二 刀具磨损过程、磨钝标准及刀具寿命
随着切削时间的延长,刀具磨损增加。根据切削实验,可得图示的刀具正常磨损过程的典型磨损曲线。该图分别以切削时间和后刀面磨损量VB(或前刀面月牙洼磨损深度KT)为横坐标与纵坐标。从图可知,刀具磨损过程可分为三个阶段:
初期磨损阶段
正常磨损阶段
急剧磨损阶段

刀具磨损到一定限度就不能继续使用。这个磨损限度称为磨钝标准。
一把新刀(或重新刃磨过的刀具)从开始使用直至达到磨钝标准所经历的实际切削时间,称为刀具寿命。
三 刀具的破损
刀具破损和刀具磨损一样,也是刀具失效的一种形式。刀具在一定的切削条件下使用时,如果它经受不住强大的应力(切削力或热应力),就可能发生突然损坏,使刀具提前失去切削能力,这种情况就称为刀具破损。破损是相对于磨损而言的。从某种意义上讲,破损可认为是一种非正常的磨损。刀具的破损有早期和后期(加工到一定的时间后的破损)两种。刀具破损的形式分脆性破损和塑性破损两种。硬质合金和陶瓷刀具在切削时,在机械和热冲击作用下,经常发生脆性破损。脆性破损又分为:
崩刀
碎断
剥落
裂纹破损。
四 刀具的状态监控
如前所述,刀具损坏的形式主要是磨损和破损。在现代化的生产系统(如FMS、CIMS等)中,当刀具发生非正常的磨损或破损时,如不能及时发现并采取措施,将导致工件报废,甚至机床损坏,造成很大的损失。因此,对刀具状态进行监控非常重要。
刀具破损监测可分为直接监测和间接监测两种。所谓直接监测,即直接观察刀具状态,确认刀具是否破损。其中最典型的方法是ITV(Industrial Television, 工业电视)摄像法。间接监测法即利用与刀具破损相关的其它物理量或物理现象,间接判断刀具是否已经破损或是否有即将破损的先兆。这样的方法有测力法、测温法、测振法、测主电机电流法和测声发射法等。



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