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您的位置:Guangzhou JeeFoo Tools Co.,Ltd >> 技术文章

涂层刀具的选择和使用

发布时间:2013-08-08

  被涂刀具表面应是光亮的磨光面,刀具各工作表面上不得有锈斑、磨糊、氧化、崩刃等缺陷,要求刃口上无毛刺。前、后刀面上的表面粗糙度应达到Ra<0.8~1.25μm。表面粗糙度值愈小,涂层的结合度愈好。此外,刀具表面的清洗质量也十分重要。

  刀具基体材料

  涂层刀具的基体材料与涂层材料应合理匹配,须根据不同的加工要求选用。涂层高速钢刀具的基体,既可用W6Mo5Cr4V2(M2)的通用型高速钢,也可用含钴的超硬高速钢和粉末冶金高速钢(PM HSS)。因粉末冶金的基体均匀,故使用效果好。加工钛合金时,推荐用含钴超硬高速钢如W2Mo9Cr4VCo8(M42)作为刀具的基体材料。对於涂层滚刀,当以正常切削速度(<45m/min)加工齿轮时,崩刃是滚刀磨损的主要原因,因此应选择韧性较好的W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢作为刀具的基体材料;而在高速滚齿时(切削速度大於100m/min),月牙洼磨损是滚刀磨损的主要原因,因此应选用耐热性和耐磨性较高的含钴超硬高速钢或CW9Mo3Cr4VN高速钢为刀具的基体材料。

  涂层硬质合金刀具的基体,在加工钢材时,宜选择加工钢材的硬质合金,如WC-TiC-Co或WC-TiC-TaC-Co类合金(P30用得较多);加工铸铁和有色金属时,宜选择WC-Co类合金(K20用得较多)。

  被加工材料的硬度及切削加工性,对涂层刀具的使用效果也有一定影响。试验证实,涂层刀具最适於切削高硬度和耐磨合金一类难加工材料。

  刀具的几何角度

  由於涂层的润滑性好,所以涂层刀具工作时常会在工件表面上打滑,为此涂层刀具上的後角应比未涂层刀具的後角略大。实践表明,对铰刀等一类精加工刀具,加大後角後,可使刃口锋利,切屑形成容易,打滑现象明显减少,刀具的使用性能提高。

  切削用量和切削液

  为了充分发挥涂层刀具的性能,必须正确选用切削用量和切削液。涂层刀具由于耐热性好,抗月牙洼磨损能力强,故可采用较大进给量和切削速度工作,但首先应选取较大进给量。通常涂层高速钢刀具采用的进给量比未涂层刀具提高10%~100%,提高20%~30%的切削速度是合适的。为了提高工效,涂层硬质合金刀具也可采用比未涂层刀具高25%~70%的切削速度进行切削。目前,用涂层硬质合金通用刀具加工中碳结构钢时的切削速度,立铣刀可达100~150m/min,钻头可达80~100m/min;丝锥加工铸铁为20~40m/min。服装搭配什么牌子的遮瑕膏好隔离霜哪种纤体霜好眼膜保湿补水眼霜哪个牌子好日霜香皂什么牌子的好

  实践证明,使用20号机械油加10%煤油冷却时,可使涂层高速钢镗刀的寿命提高1~2倍。TiN涂层高速钢滚刀加工20CrMnTi(197HBS)钢制斜齿圆柱齿轮(模数m=5)时,使用20号机械油和煤油混合润滑,刀具寿命可提高5倍左右,即使重磨后也可提高2~3倍,干切时寿命仅提高1倍。

  涂层刀具使用时还要求机床的精度好、刚性高和振动小,刀具或刀片的夹持也应牢固。

  涂层刀具的重磨和重涂

  涂层刀具磨损后必须进行重磨。涂层刀具重磨时,须将刀具上的磨损部分全部磨掉。对于只需重磨前刀面的刀具(如拉刀、齿轮滚刀和插齿刀等)或只需重磨后刀面的刀具(如钻头和铰刀等),若在其毗连切削刃的另一个刀面(如钻头的螺旋出屑槽)上的涂层未受损伤,刀具耐磨性即可提高。重新刃磨后的涂层刀具,其刀具寿命可达原来新涂层刀具寿命50%左右或更长,仍比未涂层刀具的寿命要高。

  刃磨涂层硬质合金刀具所用砂轮可采用金刚石砂轮。但刃磨涂层高速钢刀具时,用立方氮化硼(CBN)砂轮磨削有较好效果。刀具的磨损处应全部磨去,涂层不能剥落,又不能使刀具退火。

  使用涂层刀具的一个重要问题是重磨后刀具切削性能恢复的问题,即刀具每次刃磨(开口)后可否再进行重复涂层(重涂)的问题。对于重磨的成形刀具,只有进行重涂,才能保证刀具的总寿命提高3~5倍以上。凡重涂刀具首先必须按工艺要求将各几何参数磨好,其磨光部分不允许存在各种质量缺陷,如磨糊、毛刺等。重涂时可采用局部屏蔽技术只对刃磨面进行涂层。对於不采用屏蔽技术的重涂,在重涂4~6次后,刀具的非刃磨面的涂层厚度就会过大,从而影响刀具的精度和产生局部剥落现象,此时要对刀具进行脱膜处理后再重涂。重涂后的刀具切削性能一般不低於第一次新涂层刀具,刀具可重涂多次,直到报废为止。

  由上可知,重涂对提高刀具耐磨性和生产率是有很大潜力的。但重磨后是否要重涂,还要看该刀具在技术上可否重涂和在经济上是否合算而定。



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