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粉末冶金高速钢和传统高速钢的差异

发布时间:2013-08-08

  有鉴于国内对粉末高速钢之应用与认知尚未普及,且一般业界对粉末高速钢仅止于「贵」,价格高于传统高速钢3~4倍而怯步,其中贵的内容为何?贵的是否值得?而一加探究,殊不知材料费用仅占整个模具费用之「冰山一角」本文就粉末高速钢及传统高速钢在材料特性、热处理、机械加工、实物应用方面做比较性之叙述与研讨。
  粉末高速钢之简介:
  合金粉末的制成技术,在冶金技术较先进国家发展研发距今已逾二十年历史,在这其间不断的改良及突破,研发出高质量的粉末合金高速钢 (High  Speed Steel produced by Power Metallurgy) 简称粉末高速钢
  粉末高速钢与传统高速钢制成之不同处
  一.传统高速钢的制成,大都使用较大型的电弧熔炼钢材及添加所需或不足的合金原料,经过除气,除渣的过程(俗称二次精炼),倒入坩锅内,再浇铸入钢锭,合金钢锭经过热锻,再制成所需尺寸的钢条。
  二.粉末高速钢的制成:通常都使用较小的熔炉,经过精细的二次精炼,熔炼出所需要之成份稳定的钢水,此钢水经由细浇孔流出,用高压气使体使其吹成雾化,瞬间急速形成极微细近似圆形的钢粒粉末,再经过严格的筛选,倒置内钢锭成罐内,抽真空,形成完全气密,再经过HIP  (Hot Isostatic  Pressing)烧结均压处理,粉末钢锭成型罐内部达到百分之百的结实(没有任何气孔)。完成后,粉末钢锭经过完全退火,再经过热锻制成所尺寸的黑皮钢条,因表层有一层脱碳层,必须完全去除,尤其粉末高速脱碳层较传统钢料为厚,必须完全去除,以下表例为必须去除黑皮脱碳层的最少厚度值.
  粉末高速钢较传统高速钢之优点:
  一、无方向性。粉末高速钢经由极细的钢粒加压烧结而成,所以各个点的压缩强度、冲击性、抗折力、韧性都相同。没有俗称「直丝」及「横丝」在同一块材料中的差异,以及网状组统和水纹组织的产生,如上图标。
  二、结晶颗粒细致均匀:粉末高速钢经由极细的钢粒粉末组成,再经由HIP烧结,内部组织细致均匀。传统高速钢因在制成合金钢锭时碳化物太早析出,造成结晶颗粒组大化,和大小不均匀的现象。
  三、热处理能提高硬度:以同系种的高速钢为例:传统高速钢  (JIS SKH-51 : AISI M2)一般热处理后硬度为HRC 62-64,而同为Mo(鈤)系粉末高速钢热处理后硬度为HRC63~66,以25t x 100 x 100为例,热处理时淬火温度(沃斯田铁化温度)粉末高速钢比传统高速钢低30℃~80℃,且淬火容许冷却时间较传统高速钢为长,接近空冷也有优异的高硬度值。
  四、热处理变形减少:粉末高速钢由极细小的钢粒粉末结合,热处理后材料尺寸会较原先尺寸为大一点,且会四面八方同时加大,而传统高速钢因有方向性热处理后的尺寸加大不一致,甚至有些地方尺寸会缩小,使原形体变形。
  五、没有偏析的现象:传统高速钢因在熔炼过程中各元素的分布情形不是很均匀,所以当热处理时各金属元素与碳结合成碳化物时,分布的位置不平衡而产生偏析现象,在加工或使用上寿命不一,质量及寿命较难掌握。粉末高速钢则没有此种情形。所以粉末高速钢与传统高速钢相同硬度时,粉末高速钢的被加工性较好,且不易变形。
左旋肉碱左旋什么减肥产品效果好祛斑哪种丰胸产品效果好效果好的闪粉亮片哪种好瘦身霜哪种身体喷雾好
  六、没有非金属介在物:因粉末高速钢的每一颗细钢粒(粉末)都经过严格的筛选,内含的杂质及非金属物趋近于零,成型后成份很稳定。尤其现今使用线切割的普遍化,每块材料的非金属介在物,不应存在影响工时及质量。
  七、耐磨性:在热处理淬火温度相同时,粉末高速钢的硬度高于传统高速钢,故其耐磨性亦优于传统高速钢,且颗粒细小均匀,没有偏析,耐磨性依使用情形不同可增加50%~200%。
  八、韧性:当传统高速钢要达到粉末高速钢相同硬度时,势必提高其淬火温度,致使内部碳化物颗粒结晶成长粗大化,而降低韧性,粉末高速钢结晶颗粒细致均匀,无方向性故韧性较佳。
  粉末高速钢之分类
  粉末高速钢制成与传统高速钢不同处在于制造程序上之差异,及加添些不足的金属元素,亦可依需求熔炼制出各种成份元素的钢料。大体上与传统高速钢一样分为Mo(钼)系及W(钨)系两大型系。Mo系的材料韧性较佳,W系的材料耐磨性较好,高温硬度较高,耐冲击较强。
  粉末高速钢之热处理
  任何一种钢材的使用好坏,绝大部份取决于热处理的选择及条件。大致上Mo系粉末高速钢淬火温度不可高于1200℃  (各厂家的成份不同而有高低)。W系粉末高速钢淬火温度不可高于1240℃。粉末高速钢热处理成败尤重视回火程序。Mo系粉末高速钢热处理时应防止Mo元素「脱漏」的现象。
  粉末高速钢之研磨:
  一、研磨砂轮的选择:要选择切削力较好的砂轮,如CBN砂轮。
  二、防止研磨过热:要防止研磨时局部温度大于回火温度,最好用湿磨。
  三、防止研磨时产生残留应力:每次的力量不可太大,正常进刀量每次不超超过0.03m/m,并保持经常性的研磨轮整修,削锐,及研磨屑清理,是做好研磨的必要课题。
  粉末高速钢之线切割:
  工件经过线切割会产生「放电白层」应尽量去除,方可提高寿命。
  一、线切割加工后应再精修,且精修次数愈多愈好,尤其是提高较厚的材料。
  二 、线切割时尽量放慢速度,并降低电流。
  三、精修后工件必需经过抛光,以彻底消除放电白层。
  粉末高速钢的应用:
  粉末高速钢因具有很高的耐磨耗性,良好的韧性很优良的被加工件,及可研磨至很光滑的表面,等等…。
  一、取代传统高速钢用于各种成型刀具。
  二、广泛的使用于精密连续冲模,深抽模及析弯模。
  三、用于需要耐磨的机件(比碳化钨合金易于加工)。
  四、用于表面需要如镜面易于脱料及耐较高温的材料。
  五、用于尺寸需稳定,长期间使用尺寸不可有变化的半导体模具及二极发光体等。
  以上数据由黑金钢公司提供,因碍于篇幅无法细述,仅作概略性报导,若有个案要求,诸如热处理资询,机械加工,模具材料选择及应用、欢迎来电研讨洽询。



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