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超硬刀具材料发展展望

发布时间:2013-08-08

  随着材料工业及精密机械工业的发展,精密切削、超精密切削和难切削材料使用的增多,超硬刀具材料的应用日益广泛。超硬材料刀具具有工效高、使用寿命长和加工质量好等特点,过去主要用于精加工,近几年来由于改进了人造超硬刀具材料的生产工艺,控制了原料纯度和晶粒尺寸,采用了复合材料和热压工艺等,应用范围不断扩大,除适于一般的精加工和半精加工外,还可用于粗加工,被国际上公认为是当代提高生产率最有希望的刀具材料之一。利用超硬材料加工钢、铸铁、有色金属及其合金等零件,其切削速度可比硬质合金高一个数量级,刀具寿命可比硬质合金高几十、甚至几百倍。同时它的出现,还使传统的工艺概念发生变化,利用超硬刀具常常可直接以车、铣代磨(或抛光),对淬硬零件加工,可用单一工序代替多道工序,大大缩短工艺流程。

  超硬刀具材料发展概况

  超硬刀具材料是指天然金刚石及硬度、性能与之相近的人造金刚石和CBN(立方氮化硼)。由于天然金刚石价格比较昂贵,所以生产上大多采用人造聚晶金刚石(PCD)、聚晶立方氮化硼(PCBN),以及它们的复合材料。

  早在50年代,美国就利用人造金刚石微粉和人造CBN微粉在高温、高压、触媒和结合剂的作用下烧结成尺寸较大的聚晶块作为刀具材料。之后,南非戴比尔(DeBeers)公司、前苏联和日本也相继研制成功。70年代初又推出了金刚石或CBN和硬质合金的复合片,它们是在硬质合金基体上烧结或压制一层0.5mm~1mm的PCD或PCBN而成,从而解决了超硬刀具材料抗弯强度低、镶焊困难等问题,使超硬刀具的应用进入实用阶段。目前,又出现了人工合成大单晶金刚石,以及用CVD(化学气相沉积)法制出的金刚石薄膜涂层和金刚石厚膜等功能性材料,大大拓宽了超硬刀具材料的应用领域。

  我国超硬刀具材料的研究与应用开始于70年代,并于1970年在贵阳建造了我国第一座超硬材料及制品的专业生产厂——第六砂轮厂,从1970~1990年整整20年,超硬材料年产量仅从46万克拉增至3500万克拉。90年代前后不少超硬材料生产专业厂从国外引进了成套的超硬材料合成设备及技术,产量得到迅速发展,至1997年我国人造金刚石年产量就已达到5亿克拉左右,CBN年产量达800万克拉,跃居世界上超硬材料生产大国之首。

  超硬刀具材料性能

  金刚石具有极高的硬度和耐磨性,其显微硬度可达10000HV,是刀具材料最硬的材料。同时它的摩擦系数小,与非铁金属无亲和力,切屑易流出,热导率高,切削时不易产生积屑瘤,加工表面质量好。能有效地加工非铁金属材料和非金属材料,如铜、铝等有色金属及其合金、陶瓷、末烧结的硬质合金、各种纤维和颗粒加强的复合材料、塑料、橡胶、石墨、玻璃和各种耐磨的木材(尤其是实心木和胶合板等复合材料)。穿衣搭配润肤什么眼霜去细纹好瘦腿去痘印产品推荐保湿什么牌子眼膜好精油抗疲劳眼霜什么牌子的好

  金刚石的缺点是韧性差,热稳定性低。700℃~800℃时容易碳化,故不适于加工钢铁材料。因为在高温下铁原子容易与碳原子作用而使其转化为石墨结构。此外,用它切削镍基合金时,同样也会迅速磨损。

  CBN的硬度仅次于金刚石(可达8000HV~9000HV),并且热稳定性高(达1250℃~1350℃),对铁族元素化学惰性大,抗粘结能力强,而且用金刚石砂轮即可磨削开刃,故适于加工各种淬硬钢、热喷涂材料、冷硬铸铁和35HRC以上的钴基和镍基等难切削材料。

  超硬刀具材料应用前景广阔

  超硬刀具材料是一种先进的刀具材料,在生产有着广阔的应用前景。人造超硬刀具材料,目前单晶的向粗颗粒、高强度、多功能方向发展。美国GE公司现可工业生产出6克拉重的人造金刚石(约10mm),最大颗粒达11.14克拉重。PCD则向大直径、细粒度、高抗冲击、高热稳定性方向发展。

  PCD最大直径已可达74mm,然后用激光切割成所需的任何形状。PCD颗粒的商品尺寸为2~25μm;颗粒越细,切削刃的质量越好;颗粒越大,刀具使用寿命越长。DeBeers公司生产的PCBN产品,最大直径为101.6mm,可加工70HRC的高硬度材料。此外,据英国专利介绍,英国还研制出一种在PCD和PCBN刀片外表面上用CVD法沉积一层镍、铜、钛、钴、铬、钽的混合物,以及氮化钛或碳化钛的防护涂层,其耐磨性可比普通PCD和PCBN刀片高4倍。

  CVD金刚石薄膜和厚膜是近几年新研制出的功能性材料,尽管至今生产还未形成规模,但因其性能优异,有着广泛的用途。

  天然和人工合成的单晶金刚石,以及PCD和TFD之间存在着相互交叉的应用领域,它们在一定程度上能相互补充,须根据不同具体情况,特别是性能价格比加以选用。预计在新世纪,超硬刀具材料CBN和金刚石将得到更多的应用,可能会发现制造出崭新的刀具材料的品种,具有更优异的性能。据Lellond公司介绍,他们开发了一种由陶瓷+CBN的超硬复合材料,它兼有陶瓷和CBN两种材料的优点,是高速加工高硬耐磨铸铁的理想材料。又如,用石墨原料合成的金刚石聚晶体,而当今的金刚石为C12,已有研究,同位素C13和C60则更为坚硬。前几年,武汉大学研制出一种C3N4/TiN薄膜,亦具有超硬材料性质,用其涂覆在高速钢钻头上,可使钻头寿命大大提高。可以预料,今后随着各种新型难切削材料应用的增多,必将促进超硬刀具材料进一步的发展与应用。



H-Classical linear decorative knives

HA-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HB-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HB-Bilateral double R line knife
HC-CURVED LING BIT
HD-CLASSICAL BIT
HE-CLASSICAL BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HF-DOUBLE ROMAN BIT
HG-DOUBLE ROMAN BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HH-ROMAN OGEE BIT
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HJ-CLASSICAL OGEE BIT
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HL-WAVY EDGE BIT
HM-WAVY EDGE BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HN-CURVED ROUND WITH BEARING
HO-CLASSICAL BIT
HP-CLASSICAL BIT
HQ-Magic Knife
HR-Butterfly knife
HS-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HT-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HU-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HV-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING

I-Beaded Curve Knife

IA-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
IB-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
IC-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
ID-DRAGON BALL BIT
IE-A TYPE DRAWING LINE BIT
IF-DOUBLE DRAGON BALL BIT
IG-DRAGON BALL BIT

J-Crown curve decoration knives

JA-EDGE MOULDING BIT
JB-PALACE TYPE BIT
JC-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JD-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JE-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JF-CROWN MOULDING BIT

K-Architectural decorative knives streamlined

KA-DOUBLE ROUND NOSE BIT
KB-SPECIAL MOULDING BIT
KC-INTEREST MOULDING BIT
KD-FISH HANDRAIL BIT
KE-HANDRAIL BIT
KF-VARIABLE-BEADING BIT
KG-CROWN MOULDING BIT
KH-HANDRAIL BIT

L-Rail line/line Knife

LA-TABLE EDGE BIT
LB-TABLE OGEE BIT
LC-TABLE CORNER BIT
LD-HANDRAIL CLASSICAL BIT
LE-TABLE CURVED ROUND BIT
LF-TRADITIONAL BIT
LG-15Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
LH-ROMAN CLASSICAL BIT
LI-TRADITIONAL BIT
LJ-TABLE EDGE BIT

M-Combination of high handrail Knife Bottle

MA-HANDRAIL BIT
MB-HANDRAIL BIT
MC-HANDRAIL BIT

N-Polymorphic classical Knife

NA-VERTICAL BIT
NB-RAISED PANEL BIT
NC-PANEL BIT
ND-15 degrees plate type knife
NE-45 Degree PANEL BIT
NF-UNDERMOUNT BOWL BIT
NG-S-TYPE BIT

O-Knife nail-like model lines

OA-FINGER GRIP BIT
OB-DOUBLE FINGER BIT
OC-A TWO SLOPES FINGERNAIL BIT
OD-SIDE FINGER NAIL TYPE BIT
OE-ARCH TYPE ROUTER BIT
OF-ARCH TYPE ROUTER BIT
OG-FINGER NAIL BIT

P-T-tenon Knife

PA-DRAWER LOCK BIT
PB-T-TYPE SLOTTING CUTTER
PC-KEYHOLE BIT
PD-T-SLOT ROUTER BIT
PE-T-TYPE BIT WITH BEARING
PF-HINGE BIT
PG-JOINT BIT
PH-MITER BIT
PI-T-SLOT ROUTER BIT
PK-Long households knife

Q-T-tenon cutter combination of class

QA-BEAD & FLUTE BITS
QB-TONGUE & GROOVE BITS
QC-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QD-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QE-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QF-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QG-TONGUE & GROOVE BITS

R-Door Knife

RA-Tanaka knife
RB-Oblique arc knife
RC-Cascade knife
RD-Curved knife
RE-Feng cutter
RF-Qingping knife
RG-Type clever knife
RH-Thin round knife
RI-Liu knife edge
RJ-Kocho knife
RK-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RL-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RM-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RN-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RO-15Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
RP-10Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
RQ-OPEN-END CARVING BIT
RR-FLAT BOTTOM CUTTER

T-Solid Carbide cutting knives

TCT-SOLID CARBIDE STRAIGHT BIT

U-Other series

UA-Spindle machine flat knife, four planing knives
UB-Finger Joint Cutter Series
UC-Circular knife
UD-Speaker Knife
UE-A knife series
UF-Helical flat knife
UG-Small door knife (knife cabinet) series
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UL-Staircase handrail wire cutter series
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UN-Edge Knife
UO-Large door knife series
UP-Slot Knife
UQ-Flooring Knife
UR-Cabinet plate knife series
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