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您的位置:Guangzhou JeeFoo Tools Co.,Ltd >> 技术文章

谈刀具磨损的原因

发布时间:2013-08-08

摘要:刀具的磨损和耐用度关系到切削加工的效率、质量和成本。本文从磨料磨损、冷焊磨损、扩散磨损、氧化磨损及热电磨损五个方面,分析它们对不同材料刀具产生磨损的原因。

刀具在切削过程中将逐渐产生磨损,当刀具磨损达到一定程度时,可以明显地发现切削力加大,切削温度上升,切屑颜色改变,甚至产生振动。同时,工件尺寸也可能超出公差范围,已加工表面质量也明显恶化。刀具的磨损和耐用度关系到切削加工的效率、质量和成本,因此它是切削加工中极为重要的问题之一。
在切削过程中,前刀面、后刀面经常与切屑、工件接触,在接触区里发生着强烈的摩擦,同时,在接触区里又有很高的温度和压力。因此,前刀面和后刀面随着切削的进行都会逐渐产生磨损。切削过程中的刀具磨损具有下列特点:刀具与切屑、工件间的接触表面经常是新鲜表面;接触压力非常大,有时超过被切削材料的屈服强度;接触表面的温度很高,对于硬质合金刀具可达800~1000℃,对于高速刀具可达300~600℃。在上述条件下工作,刀具磨损经常是机械的、热的、化学的三种形式的综合作用结果,可以产生以下几种磨损形式。
一、磨料磨损
切屑、工件的硬度虽然低于刀具的硬度,但它们当中经常含有一些硬度极高的微小的硬质点,可在刀具表面刻划出沟纹,这就是磨料磨损。硬质点有碳化物(如Fe3C、TiC、VC)、氮化物(如TiN、Si3N4)、氧化物(如SiO2、Al2O3)和金属间化合物等。切削中的Ti(N、C)颗粒在刀具上起了耕犁作用。除了前刀面会有磨料磨损的现象,在后刀面上,同样可以发现有由于磨料磨损而产生的的沟纹。磨料磨损在各种切削速度下都存在,但对低速切削的刀具(如拉刀、扳牙等),磨料是磨损的主要原因。这是由于低速切削时,切削温度比较低,其他原因产生的磨损并不显著,因而不是主要的。高速钢刀具的硬度和耐磨度低于硬质合金、陶瓷等,故其磨料磨损所占的比重较大。
二、冷焊磨损
切削时,切屑、工件与前、后刀面之间,存在很大的压力和强烈的摩擦,因而它们之间会发生冷焊。由于摩擦面之间有相对的运动,冷焊结将产生破裂被一方带走,从而造成冷焊磨损。
一般来说,工件材料或切屑的硬度较刀具材料的硬度低,冷焊结的破裂往往发生在工件或切屑这方。但由于交变能力、接触疲劳、热应力以及刀具表层结构缺陷等原因,冷焊结的破裂也可能发生在刀具这一方,刀具材料的颗粒被切屑或工件带走,从而造成刀具磨损。
冷焊磨损一般在中等偏低的切削速度下比较严重。研究表明:脆性金属比塑性金属的抗冷焊能力强;相同的金属或晶格类型、晶格间距、电子密度、电化学性质相近的金属冷焊倾向小;金属化合物比单相固熔体冷焊倾向小;化学元素周期表中B族元素比铁的冷焊倾向小。
在高速钢刀具的正常工作速度和硬质合金刀具偏低的工作速度下,正能满足产生冷焊的条件,故此时冷焊磨损所占的比重较大。提高切削速度后,硬质合金刀具冷焊磨损减轻。
三、扩散磨损
扩散磨损在高温下产生。切削金属时,切屑、工件与刀具接触过程中,双方的化学元素在固态下相互扩散,改变了原来材料的成分与结构,使刀具材料变得脆弱,从而加剧了刀具的磨损。例如硬质合金切钢时,从800℃开始,硬质合金中的化学元素迅速地扩散到切屑、工件中去,WC分解为W和C后扩散到钢中。因切屑、工件都在高速运动,刀具表面和它们的表面在接触区保持着扩散元素的浓度梯度,从而使扩散现象持续进行。于是,硬质合金表面发生贫碳、贫钨现象。粘结相CO减少,又使硬质合金中硬质相(WC,TiC)的粘结强度降低。切屑、工件中的Fe则向硬质合金中扩散,扩散到硬质合金中的Fe,将形成新的硬度、高脆性的复合碳化物。所有这些,都使刀具磨损加剧。除刀具、工件材料自身的性质以外,温度是影响扩散磨损的最主要因素。扩散磨损往往与冷焊磨损、磨料磨损同时产生,此时磨损率很高。高速钢刀具的工作温度较低,与切屑、工件之间的扩散作用进行得比较缓慢,故其扩散磨损所占的比重远小于硬质合金刀具。
四、氧化磨损
当刀削温度达700~800℃时,空气中的氧便与硬质合金中的钴及碳化钨、碳化钛等发生氧化作用,产生较软的氧化物(如Co3O4、CoO、WO3、TiO2等)被切屑或工件擦掉而形成磨损,这称为氧化磨损。氧化磨损与氧化膜的粘附强度有关,粘附强度越低,则磨损越快;反之则可减轻这种磨损。一般,空气不易进入刀屑接触区,氧化磨损最容易在主副刀削刃的工作边界处形成。
五、热电磨损
工件、切屑与刀具由于材料不同,切削时在接触区将产生热电势,这种热电势有促进扩散的作用而加速刀具磨损。这种在热电势的作用下产生的扩散磨损,称为“热电磨损”。试验证明,若在工件、刀具接触处通以与热电势相反的电动势,可减少热电磨损。
总之,在不同的工件材料、刀具材料和切削条件下,磨损原因和磨损强度是不同的。对于一定的刀具和工件材料,切削温度对刀具磨损具有决定性的影响。切削温度的高低取决于热的产生和传出情况,它受切削用量、工件材料、刀具材料及几何开



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