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您的位置:Guangzhou JeeFoo Tools Co.,Ltd >> 技术文章

如何合理选择高速切削刀具材料

发布时间:2013-08-08

摘要:高速加工是制造业发展的重要趋势,由高速加工而产生的高速切削已经成为先进制造工艺的关键技术。基于当今刀具材料的发展还不能满足各领域需求的现状,本文分析了在高速切削中刀具材料和工件材料的匹配问题,介绍了刀具在高速切削中的地位、高速切削对刀具材料的要求以及现有高速切削刀具材料的种类,分析了在高速切削中刀具材料和工件材料的匹配,阐述了如何合理选择高速切削刀具材料。

0 引言
机械加工发展的总趋势是高效率、高精度、高柔性和强化环境意识。在机械加工领域,切(磨)削加工是应用最广泛的加工方法。高速切削是切削加工的发展方向,已成为切削加工的主流。它是先进制造技术的重要共性关键技术。推广应用高速切削技术将大幅度提高生产效率和加工质量并降低成本。高速切削技术的发展和应用决定于机床和刀具技术的进步,其中刀具材料的进步起决定性的作用。研究表明,高速切削时,随着切削速度的提高,切削力减小,切削温度上升很高,达到一定值后上升逐渐趋缓。造成刀具损坏最主要的原因是切削力和切削温度作用下的机械摩擦、粘结、化学磨损、崩刃、破碎以及塑性变形等磨损和破损,因此高速切削刀具材料最主要的要求是高温时的力学性能、热物理性能、抗粘结性能、化学稳定性(氧化性、扩散性、溶解度等)和抗热震性能以及抗涂层破裂性能等。基于这一要求,近20多年来,发展了一批适于高速切削的刀具材料,可在不同切削条件下,切削加工各种工件材料。
虽然我们总是希望得到既有高的硬度以保证刀具的耐磨性,又有高的韧性来防止刀具的碎裂,但目前的技术发展还没有找到如此优越性能的刀具材料,鱼于熊掌无法兼得。因此,我们会在实际中按照需要选用更合适的刀具材科:粗加工时优先考虑刀具材料的韧性:精加工时优先考虑刀具材料的硬度。当然人们还期待着以超高切削速度进行加工而获得更好的效果。下面仅就常见的工件材料及刀具的相关情况做如下简单介绍。
1 铝合金
1.1 易切削铝合金
该材料在航空航天工业应用较多,适用的刀具有K10、K20、PCD,切削速度在2000~4000m/min,进给量在3~12m/min,刀具前角为12°~18°,后角为10°~18°,刃倾角可达25°。
1.2 铸铝合金
铸铝合金根据其Si含量的不同,选用的刀具也不同,对Si含量小于12%的铸铝合金可采用K10、Si3N4刀具,当Si含量大于12%时,可采用PKD(人造金刚石)、PCD(聚晶金刚石)及CVD金刚石涂层刀具。对于Si含量达16%~18%的过硅铝合金,最好采用PCD或CVD金刚石涂层刀具,其切削速度可在1100m/min,进给量为0.125mm/r。
2 铸铁
对铸件,切削速度大于350m/min时,称为高速加工,切削速度对刀具的选用有较大影响。当切削速度低于750m/min时,可选用涂层硬质合金、金属陶瓷:切削速度在510~2000m/min时,可选用Si3N4陶瓷刀具;切削速度在2000~4500m/min时,可使用CBN刀具。铸件的金相组织对高速切削刀具的选用有一定影响,加工以珠光体为主的铸件在切削速度大于500m/min时,可使用CBN或Si3N4,当以铁素体为主时,由于扩散磨损的原因,使刀具磨损严重,不宜使用CBN,而应采用陶瓷刀具。如粘结相为金属Co,晶粒尺寸平均为3µm,CBN含量大于90%~95%的BZN6000在V=700m/min时,宜加工高铁素体含量的灰铸铁。粘结相为陶瓷(AlN+AlB2)、晶粒尺寸平均为10µm、CBN含量为90%~95%的Amborite刀片,在加工高珠光体含量的灰铸铁时,在切削速度小于1100m/min时,随切削速度的增加,刀具寿命也增加。
3 普通钢
切削速度对钢的表面质量有较大的影响,据研究,其最佳切削速度为500~800m/min。目前,涂层硬质合金、金属陶瓷、非金属陶瓷、CBN刀具均可作为高速切削钢件的刀具材料。其中涂层硬质合金可用切削液。用PVD涂层方法生产的TiN涂层刀具其耐磨性能比用CVD涂层法生产的涂层刀具要好,因为前者可很好地保持刃口形状,使加工零件获得较高的精度和表面质量。金属陶瓷刀具目前占市场份额较大,以TiC-Ni-Mo为基体的金属陶瓷化学稳定性好,但抗弯强度及导热性差,适于切削速度在400~800m/min的小进给量、小切深的精加工:用TiCN作为基体、结合剂中少钼多钨的金属陶瓷将强度和耐磨两者结合起来,用TiN来增加金属陶瓷的韧性,其加工钢或铸铁的切深可达2~3mm。
4 高硬度钢
高硬度钢(HRC40~70)的高速切削刀具可用金属陶瓷、陶瓷、TiC涂层硬质合金、PCBN等。金属陶瓷可用基本成分为TiC添加TiN的金属陶瓷,其硬度和断裂韧性与硬质合金大致相当,而导热系数不到硬质合金的1/1O,并具有优异的耐氧化性、抗粘结性和耐磨性。另外其高温下机械性能好,与钢的亲和力小,适合于中高速(在200m/min左右)的模具钢SKD加工。金属陶瓷尤其适合于切槽加工。采用陶瓷刀具可切削硬度达63HRC的工件材料,如进行工件淬火后再切削,实现“以切代磨”。切削淬火硬度达48~58HRC的45钢时,切削速度可取150~18Om/min,进给量在O.3~0.4min/r,切深可取2~4mm。粒度在1µm,TiC含量在20%~30%的Al203-TiC陶瓷刀具,在切削速度为100m/min左右时,可用于加工具有较高抗剥落性能的高硬度钢。当切削速度高于1000m/min时,PCBN是最佳刀具材料,CBN含量大于90%的PCBN刀具适合加工淬硬工具钢(如55HRC的H13工具钢)。



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