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您的位置:Guangzhou JeeFoo Tools Co.,Ltd >> 技术文章

金属加工青睐高硬度刀具材料

发布时间:2013-08-08

  “在选择刀具的角度时,需要考虑多种因素的影响,如工件材料、刀具材料、加工性质(粗、精加工)等,必须根据具体情况合理选择。”金模网CEO、国际模协秘书长罗百辉认为,制造刀具的材料必须具有很高的高温硬度和耐磨性,必要的抗弯强度、冲击韧性和化学惰性,良好的工艺性(切削加工、锻造和热处理等),并不易变形。

  通常讲的刀具角度,是指制造和测量用的标注角度在实际工作时,由于刀具的安装位置不同和切削运动方向的改变,实际工作的角度和标注的角度有所不同,但通常相差很小。通常当材料硬度高时,耐磨性也高;抗弯强度高时,冲击韧性也高。但材料硬度越高,其抗弯强度和冲击韧性就越低。高速钢因具有很高的抗弯强度和冲击韧性,以及良好的可加工性,现代仍是应用最广的刀具材料,其次是硬质合金。

  聚晶立方氮化硼适用于切削高硬度淬硬钢和硬铸铁等;聚晶金刚石适用于切削不含铁的金属,及合金、塑料和玻璃钢等;碳素工具钢和合金工具钢现在只用作锉刀、板牙和丝锥等工具。

  硬质合金可转位刀片现在都已用化学气相沉积法涂覆碳化钛、氮化钛、氧化铝硬层或复合硬层。正在发展的物理气相沉积法不仅可用于硬质合金刀具,也可用于高速钢刀具,如钻头、滚刀、丝锥和铣刀等。硬质涂层作为阻碍化学扩散和热传导的障壁,使刀具在切削时的磨损速度减慢,涂层刀片的寿命与不涂层的相比大约提高1~3倍以上。

  由于在高温、高压、高速下,和在腐蚀性流体介质中工作的零件,其应用的难加工材料越来越多,切削加工的自动化水平和对加工精度的要求越来越高。为了适应这种情况,刀具的发展方向将是发展和应用新的刀具材料;进一步发展刀具的气相沉积涂层技术,在高韧性高强度的基体上沉积更高硬度的涂层,更好地解决刀具材料硬度与强度间的矛盾;进一步发展可转位刀具的结构;提高刀具的制造精度,减小产品质量的差别,并使刀具的使用实现最佳化。

  按切削运动方式和相应的刀刃形状,刀具又可分为三类。通用刀具,如车刀、刨刀、铣刀(不包括成形的车刀、成形刨刀和成形铣刀)、镗刀、钻头、扩孔钻、铰刀和锯等;成形刀具,这类刀具的刀刃具有与被加工工件断面相同或接近相同的形状,如成形车刀、成形刨刀、成形铣刀、拉刀、圆锥铰刀和各种螺纹加工刀具等;展成刀具是用展成法加工齿轮的齿面或类似的工件,如滚刀、插齿刀、剃齿刀、锥齿轮刨刀和锥齿轮铣刀盘等。

  各种刀具的结构都由装夹部分和工作部分组成。整体结构刀具的装夹部分和工作部分都做在刀体上;镶齿结构刀具的工作部分(刀齿或刀片)则镶装在刀体上。

  刀具的装夹部分有带孔和带柄两类。带孔刀具依靠内孔套装在机床的主轴或心轴上,借助轴向键或端面键传递扭转力矩,如圆柱形铣刀、套式面铣刀等。

  带柄的刀具通常有矩形柄、圆柱柄和圆锥柄三种。车刀、刨刀等一般为矩形柄;圆锥柄*锥度承受轴向推力,并借助摩擦力传递扭矩;圆柱柄一般适用于较小的麻花钻、立铣刀等刀具,切削时借助夹紧时所产生的摩擦力传递扭转力矩。很多带柄的刀具的柄部用低合金钢制成,而工作部分则用高速钢把两部分对焊而成。

  刀具的工作部分就是产生和处理切屑的部分,包括刀刃、使切屑断碎或卷拢的结构、排屑或容储切屑的空间、切削液的通道等结构要素。有的刀具的工作部分就是切削部分,如车刀、刨刀、镗刀和铣刀等;有的刀具的工作部分则包含切削部分和校准部分,如钻头、扩孔钻、铰刀、内表面拉刀和丝锥等。切削部分的作用是用刀刃切除切屑,校准部分的作用是修光已切削的加工表面和引导刀具。

  刀具工作部分的结构有整体式、焊接式和机械夹固式三种。整体结构是在刀体上做出切削刃;焊接结构是把刀片钎焊到钢的刀体上;机械夹固结构又有两种,一种是把刀片夹固在刀体上,另一种是把钎焊好的刀头夹固在刀体上。硬质合金刀具一般制成焊接结构或机械夹固结构;瓷刀具都采用机械夹固结构。



H-Classical linear decorative knives

HA-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HB-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HB-Bilateral double R line knife
HC-CURVED LING BIT
HD-CLASSICAL BIT
HE-CLASSICAL BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HF-DOUBLE ROMAN BIT
HG-DOUBLE ROMAN BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HH-ROMAN OGEE BIT
HI-ROMAN OGEE BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HJ-CLASSICAL OGEE BIT
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HM-WAVY EDGE BIT WITHOUT BEARING
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HO-CLASSICAL BIT
HP-CLASSICAL BIT
HQ-Magic Knife
HR-Butterfly knife
HS-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HT-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HU-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HV-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING

I-Beaded Curve Knife

IA-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
IB-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
IC-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
ID-DRAGON BALL BIT
IE-A TYPE DRAWING LINE BIT
IF-DOUBLE DRAGON BALL BIT
IG-DRAGON BALL BIT

J-Crown curve decoration knives

JA-EDGE MOULDING BIT
JB-PALACE TYPE BIT
JC-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JD-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JE-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JF-CROWN MOULDING BIT

K-Architectural decorative knives streamlined

KA-DOUBLE ROUND NOSE BIT
KB-SPECIAL MOULDING BIT
KC-INTEREST MOULDING BIT
KD-FISH HANDRAIL BIT
KE-HANDRAIL BIT
KF-VARIABLE-BEADING BIT
KG-CROWN MOULDING BIT
KH-HANDRAIL BIT

L-Rail line/line Knife

LA-TABLE EDGE BIT
LB-TABLE OGEE BIT
LC-TABLE CORNER BIT
LD-HANDRAIL CLASSICAL BIT
LE-TABLE CURVED ROUND BIT
LF-TRADITIONAL BIT
LG-15Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
LH-ROMAN CLASSICAL BIT
LI-TRADITIONAL BIT
LJ-TABLE EDGE BIT

M-Combination of high handrail Knife Bottle

MA-HANDRAIL BIT
MB-HANDRAIL BIT
MC-HANDRAIL BIT

N-Polymorphic classical Knife

NA-VERTICAL BIT
NB-RAISED PANEL BIT
NC-PANEL BIT
ND-15 degrees plate type knife
NE-45 Degree PANEL BIT
NF-UNDERMOUNT BOWL BIT
NG-S-TYPE BIT

O-Knife nail-like model lines

OA-FINGER GRIP BIT
OB-DOUBLE FINGER BIT
OC-A TWO SLOPES FINGERNAIL BIT
OD-SIDE FINGER NAIL TYPE BIT
OE-ARCH TYPE ROUTER BIT
OF-ARCH TYPE ROUTER BIT
OG-FINGER NAIL BIT

P-T-tenon Knife

PA-DRAWER LOCK BIT
PB-T-TYPE SLOTTING CUTTER
PC-KEYHOLE BIT
PD-T-SLOT ROUTER BIT
PE-T-TYPE BIT WITH BEARING
PF-HINGE BIT
PG-JOINT BIT
PH-MITER BIT
PI-T-SLOT ROUTER BIT
PK-Long households knife

Q-T-tenon cutter combination of class

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QB-TONGUE & GROOVE BITS
QC-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QD-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QE-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QF-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QG-TONGUE & GROOVE BITS

R-Door Knife

RA-Tanaka knife
RB-Oblique arc knife
RC-Cascade knife
RD-Curved knife
RE-Feng cutter
RF-Qingping knife
RG-Type clever knife
RH-Thin round knife
RI-Liu knife edge
RJ-Kocho knife
RK-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RL-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RM-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RN-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RO-15Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
RP-10Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
RQ-OPEN-END CARVING BIT
RR-FLAT BOTTOM CUTTER

T-Solid Carbide cutting knives

TCT-SOLID CARBIDE STRAIGHT BIT

U-Other series

UA-Spindle machine flat knife, four planing knives
UB-Finger Joint Cutter Series
UC-Circular knife
UD-Speaker Knife
UE-A knife series
UF-Helical flat knife
UG-Small door knife (knife cabinet) series
UH-Ceiling moldings, edge line series
UI-Wallboard knife
UJ-Door Knife
Uk-Spiral Square Series
UL-Staircase handrail wire cutter series
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UN-Edge Knife
UO-Large door knife series
UP-Slot Knife
UQ-Flooring Knife
UR-Cabinet plate knife series
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