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我国数控刀具的主要种类及特点

发布时间:2013-08-08

 数控加工刀具可分为常规刀具和模块化刀具两大类。模块化刀具是发展方向。发展模块化刀具的主要优点:减少换刀停机时间,提高生产加工时间;加快换刀及安装时间,提高小批量生产的经济性;提高刀具的标准化和合理化的程度;提高刀具的管理及柔性加工的水平;扩大刀具的利用率,充分发挥刀具的性能;有效地消除刀具测量工作的中断现象,可采用线外预调。事实上,由于模块刀具的发展,数控刀具已形成了三大系统,即车削刀具系统、钻削刀具系统和镗铣刀具系统。

  数控刀具的分类

  (1)从结构上可分为

  ①整体式

  ②镶嵌式可分为焊接式和机夹式。机夹式根据刀体结构不同,分为可转位和不转位;

  ③减振式当刀具的工作臂长与直径之比较大时,为了减少刀具的振动,提高加工精度,多采用此类刀具;

  ④内冷式切削液通过刀体内部由喷孔喷射到刀具的切削刃部;

  ⑤特殊型式如复合刀具、可逆攻螺纹刀具等。

  (2)从制造所采用的材料上可分为

  ①高速钢刀具高速钢通常是型坯材料,韧性较硬质合金好,硬度、耐磨性和红硬性较硬质合金差,不适于切削硬度较高的材料,也不适于进行高速切削。高速钢刀具使用前需生产者自行刃磨,且刃磨方便,适于各种特殊需要的非标准刀具。

  ②硬质合金刀具硬质合金刀片切削性能优异,在数控车削中被广泛使用。硬质合金刀片有标准规格系列产品,具体技术参数和切削性能由刀具生产厂家提供。

  硬质合金刀片按国际标准分为三大类:P类,M类,K类。

  P类--适于加工钢、长屑可锻铸铁(相当于我国的YT类)

  M类--适于加工奥氏体不锈钢、铸铁、高锰钢、合金铸铁等(相当于我国的YW类)

  M-S类--适于加工耐热合金和钛合金

  K类--适于加工铸铁、冷硬铸铁、短屑可锻铸铁、非钛合金(相当于我国的YG类)

  K-N类--适于加工铝、非铁合金

  K-H类--适于加工淬硬材料

  ③陶瓷刀具

  ④立方氮化硼刀具

  ⑤金刚石刀具

  (3)从切削工艺上可分为

  ①车削刀具分外圆、内孔、外螺纹、内螺纹,切槽、切端面、切端面环槽、切断等。

  数控车床一般使用标准的机夹可转位刀具。机夹可转位刀具的刀片和刀体都有标准,刀片材料采用硬质合金、涂层硬质合金以及高速钢。

  数控车床机夹可转位刀具类型有外圆刀具、外螺纹刀具、内圆刀具、内螺纹刀具、切断刀具、孔加工刀具(包括中心孔钻头、镗刀、丝锥等)。

  机夹可转位刀具夹固不重磨刀片时通常采用螺钉、螺钉压板、杠销或楔块等结构。

  方形刀体一般用槽形刀架螺钉紧固方式固定。圆柱刀杆是用套筒螺钉紧固方式固定。它们与机床刀盘之间的联接是通过槽形刀架和套筒接杆来联接的。在模块化车削工具系统中,刀盘的联接以齿条式柄体联接为多,而刀头与刀体的联接是“插入快换式系统”。它既可以用于外圆车削又可用于内孔镗削,也适用于车削中心的自动换刀系统。
  数控车床使用的刀具从切削方式上分为三类:圆表面切削刀具、端面切削刀具和中心孔类刀具。

  ②钻削刀具分小孔、短孔、深孔、攻螺纹、铰孔等。

  钻削刀具可用于数控车床、车削中心,又可用于数控镗铣床和加工中心。因此它的结构和联接形式有多种。有直柄、直柄螺钉紧定、锥柄、螺纹联接、模块式联接(圆锥或圆柱联接)等多种。

  ③镗削刀具分粗镗、精镗等刀具。

  镗刀从结构上可分为整体式镗刀柄、模块式镗刀柄和镗头类。从加工工艺要求上可分为粗镗刀和精镗刀。

  ④铣削刀具分面铣、立铣、三面刃铣等刀具。

  面铣刀(也叫端铣刀)面铣刀的圆周表面和端面上都有切削刃,端部切削刃为副切削刃。面铣刀多制成套式镶齿结构和刀片机夹可转位结构,刀齿材料为高速钢或硬质合金,刀体为40Cr。

  立铣刀立铣刀是数控机床上用得最多的一种铣刀。立铣刀的圆柱表面和端面上都有切削刃,它们可同时进行切削,也可单独进行切削。结构有整体式和机夹式等,高速钢和硬质合金是铣刀工作部分的常用材料。

  模具铣刀模具铣刀由立铣刀发展而成,可分为圆锥形立铣刀、圆柱形球头立铣刀和

  圆锥形球头立铣刀三种,其柄部有直柄、削平型直柄和莫氏锥柄。它的结构特点是球头或端面上布满切削刃,圆周刃与球头刃圆弧连接,可以作径向和轴向进给。铣刀工作部分用高速钢或硬质合金制造。

  键槽铣刀

  鼓形铣刀

  成形铣刀

  (4)特殊型刀具

  特殊型刀具有带柄自紧夹头、强力弹簧夹头刀柄、可逆式(自动反向)攻螺纹夹头刀柄、增速夹头刀柄、复合刀具和接杆类等。

  数控加工刀具的特点

  为了达到高效、多能、快换、经济的目的,数控加工刀具与普通金属切削刀具相比应具

  有以下特点:

  刀片及刀柄高度的通用化、规格化、系列化。

  刀片或刀具的耐用度及经济寿命指标的合理性。

  刀具或刀片几何参数和切削参数的规范化、典型化。

  刀片或刀具材料及切削参数与被加工材料之间应相匹配。

  刀具应具有较高的精度,包括刀具的形状精度、刀片及刀柄对机床主轴的相对位置

  精度、刀片及刀柄的转位及拆装的重复精度。

  刀柄的强度要高、刚性及耐磨性要好。

  刀柄或工具系统的装机重量有限度。

  刀片及刀柄切入的位置和方向有要求。

  刀片、刀柄的定位基准及自动换刀系统要优化。

  数控机床上用的刀具应满足安装调整方便、刚性好、精度高、耐用度好等要求。



H-Classical linear decorative knives

HA-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HB-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HB-Bilateral double R line knife
HC-CURVED LING BIT
HD-CLASSICAL BIT
HE-CLASSICAL BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HF-DOUBLE ROMAN BIT
HG-DOUBLE ROMAN BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HH-ROMAN OGEE BIT
HI-ROMAN OGEE BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HJ-CLASSICAL OGEE BIT
HK-CLASSICAL OGEE BIT
HL-WAVY EDGE BIT
HM-WAVY EDGE BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HN-CURVED ROUND WITH BEARING
HO-CLASSICAL BIT
HP-CLASSICAL BIT
HQ-Magic Knife
HR-Butterfly knife
HS-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HT-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HU-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HV-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING

I-Beaded Curve Knife

IA-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
IB-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
IC-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
ID-DRAGON BALL BIT
IE-A TYPE DRAWING LINE BIT
IF-DOUBLE DRAGON BALL BIT
IG-DRAGON BALL BIT

J-Crown curve decoration knives

JA-EDGE MOULDING BIT
JB-PALACE TYPE BIT
JC-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JD-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JE-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JF-CROWN MOULDING BIT

K-Architectural decorative knives streamlined

KA-DOUBLE ROUND NOSE BIT
KB-SPECIAL MOULDING BIT
KC-INTEREST MOULDING BIT
KD-FISH HANDRAIL BIT
KE-HANDRAIL BIT
KF-VARIABLE-BEADING BIT
KG-CROWN MOULDING BIT
KH-HANDRAIL BIT

L-Rail line/line Knife

LA-TABLE EDGE BIT
LB-TABLE OGEE BIT
LC-TABLE CORNER BIT
LD-HANDRAIL CLASSICAL BIT
LE-TABLE CURVED ROUND BIT
LF-TRADITIONAL BIT
LG-15Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
LH-ROMAN CLASSICAL BIT
LI-TRADITIONAL BIT
LJ-TABLE EDGE BIT

M-Combination of high handrail Knife Bottle

MA-HANDRAIL BIT
MB-HANDRAIL BIT
MC-HANDRAIL BIT

N-Polymorphic classical Knife

NA-VERTICAL BIT
NB-RAISED PANEL BIT
NC-PANEL BIT
ND-15 degrees plate type knife
NE-45 Degree PANEL BIT
NF-UNDERMOUNT BOWL BIT
NG-S-TYPE BIT

O-Knife nail-like model lines

OA-FINGER GRIP BIT
OB-DOUBLE FINGER BIT
OC-A TWO SLOPES FINGERNAIL BIT
OD-SIDE FINGER NAIL TYPE BIT
OE-ARCH TYPE ROUTER BIT
OF-ARCH TYPE ROUTER BIT
OG-FINGER NAIL BIT

P-T-tenon Knife

PA-DRAWER LOCK BIT
PB-T-TYPE SLOTTING CUTTER
PC-KEYHOLE BIT
PD-T-SLOT ROUTER BIT
PE-T-TYPE BIT WITH BEARING
PF-HINGE BIT
PG-JOINT BIT
PH-MITER BIT
PI-T-SLOT ROUTER BIT
PK-Long households knife

Q-T-tenon cutter combination of class

QA-BEAD & FLUTE BITS
QB-TONGUE & GROOVE BITS
QC-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QD-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QE-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QF-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QG-TONGUE & GROOVE BITS

R-Door Knife

RA-Tanaka knife
RB-Oblique arc knife
RC-Cascade knife
RD-Curved knife
RE-Feng cutter
RF-Qingping knife
RG-Type clever knife
RH-Thin round knife
RI-Liu knife edge
RJ-Kocho knife
RK-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RL-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RM-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RN-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RO-15Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
RP-10Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
RQ-OPEN-END CARVING BIT
RR-FLAT BOTTOM CUTTER

T-Solid Carbide cutting knives

TCT-SOLID CARBIDE STRAIGHT BIT

U-Other series

UA-Spindle machine flat knife, four planing knives
UB-Finger Joint Cutter Series
UC-Circular knife
UD-Speaker Knife
UE-A knife series
UF-Helical flat knife
UG-Small door knife (knife cabinet) series
UH-Ceiling moldings, edge line series
UI-Wallboard knife
UJ-Door Knife
Uk-Spiral Square Series
UL-Staircase handrail wire cutter series
UM-Frame Line Cutters
UN-Edge Knife
UO-Large door knife series
UP-Slot Knife
UQ-Flooring Knife
UR-Cabinet plate knife series
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