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Woodworking tool used

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数控刀具的分类

发布时间:2013-08-08
刀具种类很多,但到底要怎么分类呢?
首先按工件加工表面的形式可分为五大类。包括车刀、刨刀、铣刀、外表面拉刀和锉刀等;孔加工刀具,包括钻头、扩孔钻、镗刀、铰刀和内表面拉刀等;螺纹加工工具,包括丝锥、圆板牙、自动开合螺纹切头、螺纹车刀和螺纹铣刀等;齿轮加工刀具,包括滚刀、插齿刀、剃齿刀、锥齿轮加工刀具等;切断刀具,包括镶齿圆锯片、带锯、弓锯、切断车刀和锯片铣刀等等。另外,还有组合刀具。
 其次按切削运动方式和相应的刀刃形状,又可分为三类。通用刀具,如车刀、刨刀、铣刀(不包括成形的车刀、成形刨刀和成形铣刀)、镗刀、钻头、扩孔钻、铰刀和锯等;成形刀具,这类刀具的刀刃具有与被加工工件断面相同或接近相同的形状,如成形车刀、成形刨刀、成形铣刀、拉刀、圆锥铰刀和各种螺纹加工刀具等;展成刀具是用展成法加工齿轮的齿面或类似的工件,如滚刀、插齿刀、剃齿刀、锥齿轮刨刀和锥齿轮铣刀盘等。
 各种刀具的结构都由装夹部分和工作部分组成。整体结构刀具的装夹部分和工作部分都做在刀体上;镶齿结构刀具的工作部分(刀齿或刀片)则镶装在刀体上。
  刀具的装夹部分有带孔和带柄两类。带孔刀具依靠内孔套装在机床的主轴或心轴上,借助轴向键或端面键传递扭转力矩,如圆柱形铣刀、套式面铣刀等。
 带柄的刀具通常有矩形柄、圆柱柄和圆锥柄三种。车刀、刨刀等一般为矩形柄;圆锥柄靠锥度承受轴向推力,并借助摩擦力传递扭矩;圆柱柄一般适用于较小的麻花钻、立铣刀等刀具,切削时借助夹紧时所产生的摩擦力传递扭转力矩。很多带柄的刀具的柄部用低合金钢制成,而工作部分则用高速钢把两部分对焊而成。
刀具的工作部分就是产生和处理切屑的部分,包括刀刃、使切屑断碎或卷拢的结构、排屑或容储切屑的空间、切削液的通道等结构要素。有的刀具的工作部分就是切削部分,如车刀、刨刀、镗刀和铣刀等;有的刀具的工作部分则包含切削部分和校准部分,如钻头、扩孔钻、铰刀、内表面拉刀和丝锥等。切削部分的作用是用刀刃切除切屑,校准部分的作用是修光已切削的加工表面和引导刀具。
  刀具工作部分的结构有整体式、焊接式和机械夹固式三种。整体结构是在刀体上做出切削刃;焊接结构是把刀片钎焊到钢的刀体上;机械夹固结构又有两种,一种是把刀片夹固在刀体上,另一种是把钎焊好的刀头夹固在刀体上。硬质合金刀具一般制成焊接结构或机械夹固结构;瓷刀具都采用机械夹固结构。
 在选择刀具的角度时,需要考虑多种因素的影响,如工件材料、刀具材料、加工性质(粗、精加工)等,必须根据具体情况合理选择。通常讲的刀具角度,是指制造和测量用的标注角度在实际工作时,由于刀具的安装位置不同和切削运动方向的改变,实际工作的角度和标注的角度有所不同,但通常相差很校制造刀具的材料必须具有很高的高温硬度和耐磨性,必要的抗弯强度、冲击韧性和化学惰性,良好的工艺性(切削加工、锻造和热处理等),并不易变形。
 通常当材料硬度高时,耐磨性也高;抗弯强度高时,冲击韧性也高。但材料硬度越高,其抗弯强度和冲击韧性就越低。高速钢因具有很高的抗弯强度和冲击韧性,以及良好的可加工性,现代仍是应用最广的刀具材料,其次是硬质合金。
  聚晶立方氮化硼适用于切削高硬度淬硬钢和硬铸铁等;聚晶金刚石适用于切削不含铁的金属,及合金、塑料和玻璃钢等;碳素工具钢和合金工具钢现在只用作锉刀、圆板牙和丝锥等工具。

铣削刀具的种类及作用

本文将介绍一些如何有效使用不同形状刀具的技巧。这里谈到的四种基本型刀具广泛地使用于三维铣削和仿形铣削。

平头铣刀

对于使用平头立铣刀的认识中很重要的一点是在切削时产生的热量很容易积聚在方的刀尖处。在高速铣削中,为了减缓切削产生热量而导致的刀角磨损过快现象,切削速度也许不得不降低。在铣削淬硬金属时,只有当刀尖不参与切削时才适合使用这种刀具。例如精铣平底零件的竖直侧壁面。而在铣削未经热处理的金属时,典型应用包括竖直壁面的粗铣和精铣。

具有刀尖圆角的平头立铣刀

加了刀尖圆角的方肩立铣刀可允许更高的切削速度,这是因为切削产生的热量可扩散到刀具上更大的区域。和圆刀尖的平头立铣刀一样,这些刀具的典型应用包括未经热处理金属的竖直壁面粗铣和精铣。此外,该刀具还可用来精铣经热处理的金属竖直壁面,是否平底皆可。如果需加工成小圆弧时,也可使用该型刀具清根。

圆刀尖的平头铣刀的另一应用是摆线加工。这是一种刀具路径以固定圆弧半径作连续摆线进给。尖角的平头铣刀只能用于没有底部的摆线加工,而圆刀尖的平头铣刀则可进行各种切深的摆线加工。

圆鼻铣刀

圆鼻铣刀的外形与众不同。不要将圆鼻铣刀和一种装多个圆刀片的仿形铣刀相混淆。圆刀片仿形铣刀确实具有重要用途,但是由于有多个刀片,该类刀具并不具有圆鼻铣刀所具有的加工精度。牛鼻刀用于中等范围的切削速度和相当高的切削载荷下粗铣加工型腔和型芯。而圆鼻铣刀更好的一个用途则是精铣加工平面,包括分型面。

球头铣刀

在我看来,球头铣刀是高速加工最为通用的刀具。球头铣刀可用来粗加工任何型腔,型芯和三维形状。它们也可用来对所有硬度范围内的任何材料进行精加工。由于球形可使切削产生的热量大面积吸收到刀具里,和其它刀具相比这种刀具允许更高的切削速度。它还允许更大的切深,因为在刚性高的时候球形刀具可使更大的切削力分量朝向主轴,而当刚性差时朝向侧面。同样的原因,降低刀具振动,进一步有助于控制热量。假如将该类刀具在切削速度和切深方面的优势结合起来考虑,球头铣刀相比文章介绍的其他铣刀具有更高的金属切削率对经热处理的材料进行粗铣时,球头铣刀往往是首选的刀具。如果需要小的圆角半径,则可以随后选用其他类型的刀具对角部进行清根。

在进行铣槽、铣型腔和铣加强筋时,经常会使用圆柱立铣刀,因为这种刀具的形状似乎和这些特征的每一种形状相匹配。但其实,球头铣刀也能胜任以上任务。打个比方,如果选用球头铣刀来加工一条深槽(无论是通槽还是封闭槽),可采用浅斜坡铣削和等高线铣削等典型高速加工技术。通过这种方法加工槽比使用圆柱立铣刀进行铣削要快得多。还有,零件其它部分的侧壁也许会具有更好的直线度和垂直度,而不象使用加长圆柱立铣刀弯曲通常导致的锥度。加强筋可使用相似的方法进行加工。


H-Classical linear decorative knives

HA-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HB-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HB-Bilateral double R line knife
HC-CURVED LING BIT
HD-CLASSICAL BIT
HE-CLASSICAL BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HF-DOUBLE ROMAN BIT
HG-DOUBLE ROMAN BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HH-ROMAN OGEE BIT
HI-ROMAN OGEE BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HJ-CLASSICAL OGEE BIT
HK-CLASSICAL OGEE BIT
HL-WAVY EDGE BIT
HM-WAVY EDGE BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HN-CURVED ROUND WITH BEARING
HO-CLASSICAL BIT
HP-CLASSICAL BIT
HQ-Magic Knife
HR-Butterfly knife
HS-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HT-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING
HU-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HV-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING

I-Beaded Curve Knife

IA-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
IB-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
IC-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
ID-DRAGON BALL BIT
IE-A TYPE DRAWING LINE BIT
IF-DOUBLE DRAGON BALL BIT
IG-DRAGON BALL BIT

J-Crown curve decoration knives

JA-EDGE MOULDING BIT
JB-PALACE TYPE BIT
JC-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JD-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JE-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JF-CROWN MOULDING BIT

K-Architectural decorative knives streamlined

KA-DOUBLE ROUND NOSE BIT
KB-SPECIAL MOULDING BIT
KC-INTEREST MOULDING BIT
KD-FISH HANDRAIL BIT
KE-HANDRAIL BIT
KF-VARIABLE-BEADING BIT
KG-CROWN MOULDING BIT
KH-HANDRAIL BIT

L-Rail line/line Knife

LA-TABLE EDGE BIT
LB-TABLE OGEE BIT
LC-TABLE CORNER BIT
LD-HANDRAIL CLASSICAL BIT
LE-TABLE CURVED ROUND BIT
LF-TRADITIONAL BIT
LG-15Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
LH-ROMAN CLASSICAL BIT
LI-TRADITIONAL BIT
LJ-TABLE EDGE BIT

M-Combination of high handrail Knife Bottle

MA-HANDRAIL BIT
MB-HANDRAIL BIT
MC-HANDRAIL BIT

N-Polymorphic classical Knife

NA-VERTICAL BIT
NB-RAISED PANEL BIT
NC-PANEL BIT
ND-15 degrees plate type knife
NE-45 Degree PANEL BIT
NF-UNDERMOUNT BOWL BIT
NG-S-TYPE BIT

O-Knife nail-like model lines

OA-FINGER GRIP BIT
OB-DOUBLE FINGER BIT
OC-A TWO SLOPES FINGERNAIL BIT
OD-SIDE FINGER NAIL TYPE BIT
OE-ARCH TYPE ROUTER BIT
OF-ARCH TYPE ROUTER BIT
OG-FINGER NAIL BIT

P-T-tenon Knife

PA-DRAWER LOCK BIT
PB-T-TYPE SLOTTING CUTTER
PC-KEYHOLE BIT
PD-T-SLOT ROUTER BIT
PE-T-TYPE BIT WITH BEARING
PF-HINGE BIT
PG-JOINT BIT
PH-MITER BIT
PI-T-SLOT ROUTER BIT
PK-Long households knife

Q-T-tenon cutter combination of class

QA-BEAD & FLUTE BITS
QB-TONGUE & GROOVE BITS
QC-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QD-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QE-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QF-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QG-TONGUE & GROOVE BITS

R-Door Knife

RA-Tanaka knife
RB-Oblique arc knife
RC-Cascade knife
RD-Curved knife
RE-Feng cutter
RF-Qingping knife
RG-Type clever knife
RH-Thin round knife
RI-Liu knife edge
RJ-Kocho knife
RK-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RL-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RM-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RN-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RO-15Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
RP-10Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
RQ-OPEN-END CARVING BIT
RR-FLAT BOTTOM CUTTER

T-Solid Carbide cutting knives

TCT-SOLID CARBIDE STRAIGHT BIT

U-Other series

UA-Spindle machine flat knife, four planing knives
UB-Finger Joint Cutter Series
UC-Circular knife
UD-Speaker Knife
UE-A knife series
UF-Helical flat knife
UG-Small door knife (knife cabinet) series
UH-Ceiling moldings, edge line series
UI-Wallboard knife
UJ-Door Knife
Uk-Spiral Square Series
UL-Staircase handrail wire cutter series
UM-Frame Line Cutters
UN-Edge Knife
UO-Large door knife series
UP-Slot Knife
UQ-Flooring Knife
UR-Cabinet plate knife series
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