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刀具的发展为高速加工带来了更大的利润空间

发布时间:2013-08-08
随着个性化产品社会需求的增加,高速加工技术在汽车制造领域得到了进一步的应用和发展。然而,当用户拥有了合适的机床和刀架,并依照所有正确的标准进行维护时,加工水平还是会受到制约。这是因为,10~15年前为传统加工方式而设计制造的刀具早已无法与拥有全新技术的机床进行良好的配合了。 近十年来,随着高强度钢、高温合金、喷涂材料等难加工金属材料以及非金属材料与合金材料应用的增加,现代刀具已不局限于目前广泛使用的高速钢刀具和硬质合金刀具,超硬材料刀具、涂层刀具与合金材料刀具更是今后的发展趋向,切削效率得了进一步的提高。

刀具材料

刀具的品质取决于刀具的材料(基材)、几何形状和涂层。如果刀具的基材选择不当,即使是选用世界上最好的设计和涂层也发挥不出其功效。基材质量最显著的指标就是晶粒度。一般而言,晶粒度越小的刀具越适合用于高速加工场合。对于高速加工,推荐使用0.5μm或更小的晶粒度。 即便是晶粒度相当也还会存在一些其他的因素影响刀具的品质,这些因素就是硬度和横向断裂强度。对于给定的基材,硬度和横向断裂强度会受到钴含量的影响。以往为提高硬质合金的韧性,通常是增加Co的含量,所会出的代价则是硬度的降低。现在,这种情况可通过细化晶粒得到补偿,并使硬质合金的抗弯强度得到提高,已达到并超过普通HSS钢的抗弯强度,从而使超细颗粒硬质合金受到青睐。人们正在逐渐改变P类硬质合金适切钢,而K类硬质合金只适合加工铸铁和铝等有色金属的选材习惯。细晶粒硬质合金的另一优点是刀具的刃口锋利,尤其适用于高速切削粘而韧的材料。 硬质合金刀具材料的发展主要是对细晶粒(1~0.5)和超细晶粒(<0.5)硬质合金材料及整体硬质合金刀具的开发,使硬质合金的抗弯强度得到大大提高,可替代高速钢制造小规格钻头、立铣刀和丝锥等量大面广的通用刀具,其切削速度和刀具寿命也远远超过了高速钢。

刀具的几何形状

高速加工技术仍然是相对较新的概念。促进这些新兴加工方式所需的技术不过才出现了六七年而已。通过对市场进行的调查显示,10~15年前为传统加工方式而制造的刀具很明显已无法与新技术良好地机床进行配合。 高速加工往往需要更大的切削力,会产生更多的热量,所以需要对切削的几何形状进行专门设计。机床技术与切削刀具技术一直都是携手并进的。高速切削技术不只是切削速度的提高,它的发展主要取决刀具技术(包括刀具材料、涂层刀具结构、刀柄和装夹系统、刃磨与动平衡、检测和监控系统)和高速机床技术(包括电主轴、直线电机进给系统、数控与伺服系统、轴承及润滑、刀库等)的进步,而刀具与机床的正确选用常起着决定性的作用。 每把用于高速加工的刀具都有三个重要特性:精度、刚度和使用寿命。在模具工业中,模具制造商们如果不想在钳工工序上花费大量时间,就要高度重视每一把球头铣刀的精度。对腔体进行钳工修复需要大量的返工时间,很容易就会把盈利变成亏损。因此,模具制造商们要清楚地认识到:买一把高精度的刀具要多付一些钱,但与钳工的额外工作时间及报废的刀具装置相比,这项投入根本就算不得什么。 高速切削模式下,对于加工的要求使得刀具及其耐受径向、轴向力的能力变得十分重要。传统端铣刀,其芯部直径厚度大约为整个刀具直径的50%,芯部直径与沟槽的齿槽深度成正比。在碳钢的标准铣削操作中,这一设计应用良好,但在对D2和H13之类模具钢进行高速加工时,这种设计的刚性就不够了。锻模/铸模加工所用的端铣刀必须采用浅一些的齿槽,以支持更厚的芯部直径。高速切削方式要求切削深度不超过刀具直径的10%,与传统加工方式相比所需的容屑空间小得多,所以可以牺牲齿槽深度将芯部直径加厚。

刀具涂层

高速切削与传统加工方式相比产生的热量较少,但是切口的温度也更恒定。因此,需要更先进的 PVD涂层来支持刀刃。在大多数加工应用场合,像TiN、TiCN以及单层的TiAlN 这样的标准涂层已经能满足应用。但在高速加工方式下,要想达到令人满意的刀具寿命,涂层和刀具必须满足更高的要求。 与硬质合金基材相似,刀具的不同涂层在肉眼看来往往没什么区别,但在显微镜下则大不相同,仅是TiAlN的变种就多不胜数。和硬质合金基材相似,决定涂层之间区别的还有工艺。事实上,工艺已受到人们越来越多的重视,有些涂层的专业生产厂家甚至还为其工艺申报了专利,以防止竞争对手的仿制。从加工的角度来看,试验已经证明高速加工场合下多层涂层最为理想。多层涂层的每一层中都融入了其它专利成分,防止涂层中的切屑穿透全部涂层刺入基材表面,而将它们偏转到相邻的层。所以与常规的单层PVD涂层相比,多涂层的刀具寿命会得到显著提高。

结论

关于高速加工人们常常有一个错误的概念,就是认为机床是高速加工生产中的最大投资。实际上在机床的整个使用周期里,使用厂家在切削刀具上的投入要远远超过机床本身的费用。因此,要真正实现成本最低化和利润空间的最大化,就必须选用先进适用的刀具。 优质的切削刀具具有更坚固的基材、特别设计的几何形状和更有效的保护涂层,提高了刀具的使用寿命和表面光洁度。更高的质量标准增加了终端客户的初始投资,然而所换来的是机加工时间的大大缩短。企业在获得较短生产周期的同时其产品质量也具有了可重复性,操作者完全可以让机床自行运转。因此,要想在刀具上节省成本并非什么聪明之举。本来应当强调的是生产上的长期节约,却往往把注意力集中在了对初始成本(刀具)的节省上。所以,如果增加对刀具装置的初次投资能够实现生产成本的最低化,最终人们还是能通过提高生产率获得更大的利润。


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