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可用于模具粗加工的消振铣刀

发布时间:2013-08-08

  消振刀具(有时也称为“静音刀具”)在切削加工中的应用已有很多年。模具加工车间在需要加工既深又窄的模具型腔时,往往会利用这种刀具来消除因刀具细长而引起的振动问题。

  大部分模具加工车间都是将静音刀具用于精加工,以获得几乎不需要再进行钳工修整二次加工的光滑模具表面。但是,有些加工车间可能还没有意识到,他们还可以将静音刀具应用于粗加工,从而获得更大的效益。

  静音刀具(特别是消振接头)使模具加工车间能以更快的切削速度和进给率进行粗加工,并可以采用更大的切削深度,通常可达到类似的整体钢制刀杆加长型刀具切深量的3倍。

  此外,与标准的加长型刀具相比,如今的消振接头可在刀具长度更长的条件下使用,并能应用于范围更广的工件类型和工件材料的加工——包括不锈钢和钛合金。

  刀具在振动时会发出噪音,这也是“静音刀具”得名的缘由。消振接头是利用其内部的被动消振系统来抵消刀具的振动,该系统振动的振幅与在刀具切削刃处产生振动的振幅不同。

  消振接头是机床主轴与刀具刀头之间的接口。消振接头和刀具可采用一体化设计,将刀具集成到接头中;也可以将其设计为一个工具系统,刀具安装在接头端部,并且可以更换。

  在消振接头的前部加工出空腔,在其中装入消振块。消振块是圆柱形的重金属块,悬浮在腔室内的阻尼油中。这些消振块的两端装有橡胶密封圈,而这些密封圈又与装在腔室边缘的弹簧相连接。

  当标准刀具开始切削时,它们就以特定的振幅开始振动,加工车间通常是采用降低切削速度和进给率的方式来消除振动。另一方面,当这些振动传到消振接头的消振机构时,消振块就开始以相反的振幅上下振动。这种运动在几毫秒内产生,并与刀具的振幅相互抵消,从而完全消除振动对工件表面的任何负面影响。

  静音刀具中的消振机构采用被动消振系统,它能对刀具的振动起到反作用,从而控制振动。这种消振机理与主动消振系统不同,主动消振系统需要引入外部的机械(或电气)力/振动,来抵消刀具产生的切削力/振动。因此,该系统不属于内部系统,其中包括某种类型的外部装置。

  没有采用消振接头的模具加工车间必须将刀具设置为加工需要的长度。但是,为了获得良好的表面光洁度,这些刀具不得不以小得令人难以置信的切削参数进行加工,从而大大延长了精加工和整个工件的加工循环时间。

  已经使用或打算采用消振接头的加工车间应该注意消振接头与刀具的匹配性。由于专业工具制造商设计的消振接头通常是与自己生产的刀具配套使用的,因此,当加工车间混合搭配接头与刀具时,成对使用同一制造商的接头和刀具最有可能获得最佳切削性能。

  除了模具铣削加工以外,消振接头还可应用于内孔的车削、镗削和钻削加工。与铣削刀具一样,这些刀具工作时的悬伸长度超过了整体钢制刀柄和整体硬质合金刀柄的极限长度。由于可以采用各种型式的后端和前端接头,这些刀具使用起来非常方便和灵活。

  消振接头维护要点

  在大约95%的情况下,消振接头只有在刀具损毁时才会失效,否则,消振接头可以一直使用许多年。事实上,很多在上世纪80年代制造的消振系统现在仍在使用。为了确保静音刀具/消振接头始终保持最佳性能,刀具制造商提供了以下6项维护要点:

  (1)如果消振接头中的阻尼油因长期贮存或在低温下运输而变得过于粘稠,可以用一柄橡胶锤轻轻敲打接头的杆部。

  (2)为了保持最佳性能,至少每年要对所有配合件仔细清洗一次,并加注润滑油。如有必要,还应对螺钉进行润滑。

  (3)及时更换磨损或老化的螺钉和垫圈。

  (4)装配时,确保接头被恰当地紧固。

  (5)始终注意检查消振接头对刀具的夹持可靠性。

  (6)始终采用扭矩扳手来校正螺钉的紧固力。



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