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您的位置:Guangzhou JeeFoo Tools Co.,Ltd >> 技术文章

先进刀具合金材料的选择

发布时间:2013-08-08

  刀具使用者在选择刀具时,通常由於疏於对刀具合金钢及相关刀具生产工艺的了解,而导致在刀具产品选择上的诸多误区。因此,如何选择满意并能满足用途要求的刀具并非易事。掌握一些必要的刀具材料的基本性能特点及相关知识,将有助於刀具使用者对刀具提出更专业的技术要求,从而采购到更为理想的刀具产品。

  刀具制造商一般会根据其企业规模和市场需求来选择并采购刀具合金。大型刀具生产商自然会比小型厂家选择更多的合金种类,以丰富其产品应用范围,扩大市场占有率。随着市场和技术的发展,领先的刀具生产商在优先选择熟悉和成熟钢种的同时,亦会根据市场需求的提高而选择更先进的合金来生产更高端的刀具产品。然而,无论是成熟产品抑或新产品,刀具生产商都对合金的内在品质和供应商的稳定质量有严苛的要求。特别对新合金的使用,刀具生产商会面对较大的风险和压力,相应地,新合金的成功应用也会给商家带来更好的商机和更高的利润。

  市场上的“CTSTM”的系列刀具合金材料,可以体现出出色的刀刃锋利度,优异的表面质量以及加工性能。该系列合金热处理响应稳定,组织均匀细化,因此具有广阔的用途和应用前景。

  按合金成份和工艺,CTSTM系列刀具合金可分为三个类别:低合金马氏体不锈钢,高碳耐磨合金钢以及粉末冶金合金。特别是粉末合金,在加工和使用性能上具有突出的优势,代表了当前最先进的刀具材料。下面对这三类合金的特点和应用作出概述。

  高碳耐磨合金钢

  高碳耐磨合金钢含碳较高,其它合金元素也较多,因而其耐磨性和刃口保持性更为出色。与普通马氏体不锈钢刀具合金相比,碳含量增加0.3%-1.0%,铬增加1%左右。相比而言,这类合金耐蚀性和表面质量整体会略逊於低合金马氏体不锈钢,且加工性能加工表面质量也有局限。而在实际应用中,相同牌号,不同厂家的合金会表现出很大的差别。原因在於合金的性能非常依赖於合金熔炼过程及杂质成分的控制,以及合金组织对热处理的响应特性等。因而,优质的合金钢会表现出优化的微观组织和优良的使用性能。表1为CTS系列合金成分表

  粉末冶金钢

  粉末冶金合金耐磨性突出,明显优於轴承类合金,可用於特殊优质的刀具制造和应用。缺点通常表现为成本较高,且难於加工、开刃。然而通过成份优化,精密生产的粉末合金可兼具良好的加工性能和出色的使用性能。

  对刀具合金而言,均匀细化的碳化物有利於刀具的锋口锋利度及锋口保持性。这类合金中,当碳含量高於0.5%,且Cr、Mo和V含量达到一定水平,就会形成特殊碳化物。铁碳化物硬度可达Rc64,而铬碳化物硬度更高,接下来的钼碳化物和矾碳化物硬度则更高,如矾碳化物硬度可达Rc80。因而,合金化元素Cr,Mo,V是提高刀具性能的有利元素。对CTSTM系列合金,在硬度约为Rc58-60的回火的合金基体上,各类碳化物均匀分布,表现可视为细小微观硬质齿,这样的微观组织可使得刀具更锋利耐用。

  CTSXHP和CTS40CP是这两种粉末冶金刀具材料,具有出色的锋口保持性和耐腐蚀性,由於粉末冶金获得的超细均匀的组织,合金刀具特别易於开刃,且表面质量极高,可作镜面处理。致密粉末冶金微观组织,使合金加工效率成倍提高,不仅有完美的刀具表面质量,而且可极大降低加工成本。

  选材总结

  刀具生产商深知刀具使用性能和成本及加工生产性能的矛盾,因而选材时会折中考虑。合金刃口保持度好的合金,难免会面临材料难於加工和开刃的困难,而若牺牲一些刃口保持度,则可换来一定的耐腐蚀性提高。下面Selectaloy选材图可用来了解各类合金的综合性能,同时可以直观的比较各类合金使用性能,从而帮助刀具使用者和生产商选择合适的合金。

  如图2,我们以大家熟悉的420不锈钢为例,根据刃口保持度和耐蚀性的要求移动位置,就可以找到相比420性能的其它合适的合金种类。

  图2 Selectaloy选材图

  需要特别指出的是,其它一些选材的关键因素图中没有体现。对刀具合金,合金成份是否“清洁”和组织是否细密均匀对其性能影响非常关键。如微量杂质元素的含量,S、P、Sn、Pb和Bi等元素的存在,会极大地影响刀具的实际使用性能。

  人们通常认为碳化物不利於刀具的使用,实际上均匀弥散的碳化物分布对刀具的性能很有利。而且,初级碳化物和二级碳化物其分布析出不同、形貌相异。合理优化的控制这些碳化物的析出和分布能够在马氏体基体上形成有利於合金刀具使用性能的综合优化效果。自然,只有在合金成份、清洁度、微观组织均匀,以及合适的热处理工艺下才可获得优化的复合微观组织,从而使合金具备最佳的刀具应用性能。CTSTM系列刀具合金深入优化了碳化物在刀具中的作用,其性能明显优於常规刀具材料。图3给出了CTSTM系列合金与常规刀具合金的性能比较。

  图3 CTS系列合金刀锋耐磨性比较Total Card Cut(TCC,in mm)。资料来自CATRA (Cutlery and Allied Trades Research Association),TCC越大刀越耐磨持久

  在实际采购时,如何把显而易见的性能指标和材料品质结合起来非常重要。在对合金基本类别、成份等了解的情况下,需要进一步了解合金生产商的声誉、产品技术能力和合金的实际性能特点。



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