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两种新型CBN刀具材料

发布时间:2013-08-08

1 加工淬硬钢用BX530
(1)材料特点
在通常情况下,用聚晶CBN刀具进行切削加工可获得Rz3.2μm的表面粗糙度,如欲获得更小的表面粗糙度值,就需要进行磨削加工。加工成本也是需要考虑的问题。如果能用切削加工替代磨削加工,就能大幅缩短加工时间,降低加工成本。为实现“以切代磨”,就需要有能稳定获得Rz1.6μm表面粗糙度值的刀具材料。通常,加工表面粗糙度受到CBN刀具材料粒度的影响,CBN粒度越小,可能获得的表面粗糙度值也越小,因此,需要开发比过去的微粒CBN(粒度为0.5-10μm)粒度更小、分布更均匀的超细微粒CBN材料。
为此,日本泰珂勒(Tungaloy)公司开发出了粒度为0.2m的超细微粒“BX530”CBN刀具材料。由BX530的金相组织照片可见,与原有的微粒CBN材料相比,BX530的CBN粒子(黑色相)颗粒更微细,分布也更均匀。
(2)加工实例1
用BX530和原有微粒CBN刀具加工淬硬钢零件(切削条件:Vc=100m/min,f=0.03mm/r,ap=0.10mm,湿切;Rz1.6μm),以表面粗糙度值Rz1.6μm作为刀具寿命判定标准。加工结果表明,原有微粒CBN刀具的切削长度达到1000m时,表面粗糙度值为Rz1.4μm;切削长度达到3000m时,表面粗糙度值达到Rz1.6μm的标准值。而BX530刀具的切削长度达到5000m时,表面粗糙度Rz值仍未达到标准值,仍可继续加工。
(3)加工实例2
用BX530和其他公司的微粒CBN刀具加工另一种淬硬钢件(切削条件:Vc=220m/min,f=0.03mm/r,ap=0.07mm,干切;寿命标准:常数(Rz1.2μm))。以表面粗糙度值Rz1.2μm作为刀具寿命判定标准,加工件数为一常数。加工结果表明,加工相同数量工件后,微粒CBN刀具的加工表面粗糙度为Rz=0.92-1.26μm,而BX530刀具的加工表面粗糙度为Rz0.70-0.92μm。由此可知,BX530超细微粒CBN刀具可以加工更多零件。
2 加工粉末合金用BX470
(1)材料特点
由于粉末冶金制品的合金设计自由度大,可以制造各种复杂形状零件,因此,近年来粉末冶金制品的应用不断增加。此外,随着粉末冶金技术的不断改进,粉末合金的加工性呈现出难切削化趋势。例如,汽车驱动齿轮采用铁系粉末合金制造,由于驱动带采用钢带,因此要求驱动齿轮具有更高的强度和耐磨性。为此,在粉末合金设计中添加了Mo、Cr等硬化元素成分,并进行了表面硬化处理等,使原本可加工性就差的零件切削难度更大。
在粉末合金的切削加工中,容易产生毛刺,它会使刀尖磨损,导致切削性能下降;同时去除毛刺要增加加工时间,提高加工成本。因此,要求刀具不仅应具有良好的耐磨性和抗崩刀性,还应保持刀尖切削性能的稳定性。
在一般情况下,用聚晶CBN刀具加工铁系粉末合金时,CBN聚晶体中CBN粒子间的结合相与工件中的硬质粒子相互摩擦,导致CBN粒子脱落。为了抑制这种摩擦,保持刀尖的稳定性,需要使CBN粒子微细化并提高CBN含量(原有CBN含量较高材料的CBN粒度通常约为2-3μm)。为适应这种需求,日本泰珂勒(Tungaloy)公司开发出了CBN粒度为1.5μm左右、CBN微粒的体积含量比达到95%的“BX470”刀具材料。由于CBN粒子的微细化,使结合相厚度变薄,粉末合金中的硬质粒子无法嵌入结合相,从而抑制了摩擦。此外,将CBN的体积含量提高到95%,在使结合相进一步变薄的同时,提高了CBN粒子间的结合强度,从而大幅度提高了抗崩刀性能。用BX470刀具和原有高含量CBN刀具加工相同数量(500件)铁系粉末合金工件(切削条件:Vc=200m/min,f=0.1mm/r,ap=0.15mm,湿切;加工件数:500件)后刀尖损伤状态的对比可以看出,与原有CBN刀具相比,BX470刀具的刀尖仍能保持锋利的形状。
(1)加工实例1
用BX470刀具、原有的高含量CBN刀具和涂层硬质合金刀具加工铁系粉末合金工件(切削条件:Vc=200m/min,f=0.05mm/r,ap=0.10mm,湿切;寿命标准:磨损量(VB=0.20mm))的对比结果可知:如用刀具磨损量评价刀具寿命,涂层硬质合金刀具切削加工2分钟后的磨损量已大大超过磨损标准值,而两种CBN刀具切削加工55分钟后仍可继续切削。如用被加工件的毛刺高度评价刀具寿命,原有的高含量CBN刀具切削加工10分钟后,产生的毛刺高度即已超标,而BX470刀具的寿命是原有高含量CBN刀具的5倍以上;在最终的毛刺形态方面,BX470刀具的加工面比原有的高含量CBN刀具加工面更光滑。
(2)加工实例2
用3种CBN刀具切削加工经表面硬化处理(HRC63)的铁系粉末合金工件(切削条件:Vc=100m/min,f=0.07-0.25mm/r,ap=0.15-0.30mm,干切;寿命标准:毛刺高度)时,工件形状复杂,切削加工中,进给量和切深量均在变化,属于强力断续切削加工。在此切削条件下,BX470刀具的寿命是原有高含量CBN刀具的1.5-1.8倍。由此可知,BX470是一种耐磨性、抗崩刃性及刀尖保持(稳定)性兼优的刀具材料。



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