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钻削与钻头

发布时间:2013-08-08

钻削
用各种钻头进行钻孔、扩孔或锪孔的切削加工。钻孔是用麻花钻、扁钻或中心孔钻等在实体材料上钻削通孔或盲孔。扩孔是用扩孔钻扩大工件上预制孔的孔径。锪孔是用锪孔钻在预制孔的一端加工沉孔、锥孔、局部平面或球面等,以便安装紧固件。钻削方式主要有两种:①工件不动,钻头作旋转运动和轴向进给,这种方式一般在钻床、镗床、加工中心或组合机床上应用;②工件旋转,钻头仅作轴向进给,这种方式一般在车床或深孔钻床上应用。麻花钻的钻孔孔径范围为0.05~100mm,采用扁钻可达125mm。对于孔径大于100mm的孔,一般先加工出孔径较小的预制孔(或预留铸造孔),而后再将孔径镗削到规定尺寸。
图2 麻花钻的钻削要素
钻削时,钻削速度v是钻头外径的圆周速度(米/分);进给量f是钻头(或工件)每转钻入孔中的轴向移动距离(mm/r)。图2是麻花钻的钻削要素,由于麻花钻有两个刀齿,故每齿进给量af=f/2(mm/齿)。切削深度ap有两种:钻孔时按钻头直径d的一半计算;扩孔时按(d-d0)/2计算,其中d0为预制孔直径。每个刀齿切下的切屑厚度a0=afsinKr,单位为mm。式中Kr为钻头顶角的一半。使用高速钢麻花钻钻削钢铁材料时,钻削速度常取16~40米/分,用硬质合金钻头钻孔时速度可提高1倍。
钻削过程中,麻花钻头有两条主切削刃和一条横刃,俗称“一尖(钻心尖)三刃”,参与切削工作,它是在横刃严重受挤和排屑不利的半封闭状态下工作,所以加工的条件比车削或其他切削方法更为复杂和困难,加工精度较低,表面较粗糙。钻削钢铁材料的精度一般为IT13~10,表面粗糙度为Ra20~1.25µm,扩孔精度可达IT10~9,表面粗糙度为Ra10~0.63µm。钻削加工的质量和效率很大程度上决定于钻头切削刃的形状。在生产中往往用修磨的方法改变麻花钻头切削刃的形状和角度以减少切削阻力,提高钻削性能,中国的群钻就是采用这种方法创制出来的。
当钻孔的深度l与直径d之比大于6时,一般视为深孔钻削。钻削深孔的钻头细长,刚度差,钻削时钻头容易偏斜并与孔壁发生摩擦,同时对钻头的冷却和排屑也较困难。因此,当l/d大于20时需要采用专门设计的深孔钻,并输入一定流量和压力的切削液加以冷却和把切屑冲刷出来,才能达到较高的钻削质量和效率。
锥柄麻花钻

直柄麻花钻

扁钻

中心钻
锪钻

扩孔钻
图3 各类钻头
钻头
用以在实体材料上钻削出通孔或盲孔,并能对已有的孔扩孔的刀具。常用的钻头主要有麻花钻、扁钻、中心钻、深孔钻和套料钻。扩孔钻和锪钻虽不能在实体材料上钻孔,但习惯上也将它们归入钻头一类。
麻花钻是应用最广的孔加工刀具。通常直径范围为0.25~80mm。它主要由工作部分和柄部构成。工作部分有两条螺旋形的沟槽,形似麻花,因而得名。为了减小钻孔时导向部分与孔壁间的摩擦,麻花钻自钻尖向柄部方向逐渐减小直径呈倒锥状。麻花钻的螺旋角主要影响切削刃上前角的大小、刃瓣强度和排屑性能,通常为25°~32°。螺旋形沟槽可用铣削、磨削、热轧或热挤压等方法加工,钻头的前端经刃磨后形成切削部分。标准麻花钻的切削部分顶角为118°,横刃斜角为40°~60°,后角为8°~20°。由于结构上的原因,前角在外缘处大 向中间逐渐减小,横刃处为负前角(可达-55°左右),钻削时起挤压作用。为了改善麻花钻的切削性能,可根据被加工材料的性质将切削部分修磨成各种形状(如群钻)。麻花钻的柄部形式有直柄和锥柄两种,加工时前者夹在钻夹头中,后者插在机床主轴或尾座的锥孔中。一般麻花钻用高速钢制造。 焊硬质合金刀片或齿冠的麻花钻适于加工铸铁、淬硬钢和非金属材料等,整体硬质合金小麻花钻用于加工仪表零件和印刷线路板等。
图4 麻花钻的结构

扁钻的切削部分为铲形,结构简单,制造成本低,切削液容易导入孔中,但切削和排屑性能较差。扁钻的结构有整体式和装配式两种。整体式主要用于钻削直径0.03~0.5mm的微孔。装配式扁钻刀片可换,可采用内冷却,主要用于钻削直径25~500mm的大孔。
深孔钻通常是指加工孔深与孔径之比大于6的孔的刀具。常用的有枪钻、BTA深孔钻、喷射钻、DF深孔钻等。套料钻也常用于深孔加工。
扩孔钻有3~4个刀齿,其刚性比麻花钻好,用于扩大已有的孔并提高加工精度和光洁度。
锪钻有较多的刀齿,以成形法将孔端加工成所需的形状,用于加工各种沉头螺钉的沉头孔,或削平孔的外端面。



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