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加工中心上的镗孔加工的刀具技术

发布时间:2013-08-08

  镗孔加工是指将工件上原有的孔进行扩大,并达到所需的要求。通过高效率的粗镗(一般采用双刃镗刀),快速切削金属达到要求的尺寸;通过精镗,修正下孔的偏心、获得精确位置和形状精度以及表面光洁度,精镗往往作为一种高精度加工法被使用在最后的工序上。

  例如,各种机器的轴承孔以及各种发动机的箱体、箱盖的加工等。

  和其它机械加工相比,镗孔加工是属一种较难的加工。精镗一般靠调节其微调装置要加工出H7、H6这样的微米级的孔。随着加工中心的普及,现在的镗孔加工只需要进行编程、按扭操作等。因此,就需要有更简单、更方便、更精密的刀具来保证产品的质量。

  加工中心的镗孔加工的特点

  1、工具转动

  和车床加工不同,加工中心加工时由于工具转动,便不可能在加工中及时掌握刀尖的情况来调节进刀量等。也不可能象数控车床那样可以只调节数控按扭就可以改变加工直径。这便成了完全自动化加工的一个很大的障碍。也正因为加工中心不具有自动加工直径调节机能(附有U轴机能的除外),就要求镗刀必须具有微调机构或自动补偿机能,特别是在精镗时根据公差要求有时必须在微米级调节。

  另外,加工中心镗孔时由于切屑的流出方向在不断地改变,所以刀尖、工件的冷却以及切屑的排出都要比车床加工时难的多。特别是用卧式加工中心进行钢的盲孔粗镗加工时,尤为困难。

  2、颤振

  镗孔加工时最常出现的、也是最令人头疼问题是颤振。在加工中心上发生颤振的原因主要有以下几点

  ①工具系统的刚性

  包括刀柄、镗杆、镗头以及中间连接部分的刚性。因为是悬臂加工,特别是小孔、深孔及硬质工件的加工时,工具系统的刚性尤为重要。

  ②工具系统的动平衡

  相对于工具系统的转动轴心,工具自身如有一不平衡质量,在转动时因不平衡的离心力的作用而导致颤振的发生。特别是在高速加工时工具的动平衡性所产生影响很大。

  ③工件自身或工件的固定刚性

  象一些较小、较薄的部件由于其自身的刚性不足,或由于工件形状等原因无法使用合理的治具进行充分的固定。

  ④刀片的刀尖形状

  刀片的形状、前角、主偏角、刀尖半径、断屑槽形状等均会导致切削抗力也不同。

  ⑤切削参数的选择

  包括切削速度、进给、进刀量以及冷却方式等。

  ⑥机器的主轴系统等。

  机器主轴自身的刚性、轴承及齿轮的性能以及主轴和刀柄之间的连接刚性。

  3. 镗刀的选择基准

  根据加工内容的不同镗刀的选择基准也不一样,一般来说,应注意系统本身的刚性、动平衡性、柔性、信赖性、操作方便性及寿命和成本。

  整体式镗刀与模块式镗刀

  以前整体式镗刀主要用在批量产品的生产线或专用机上,但实际上机器的规格有多种多样:BT、JT、ST、CT、MT等。即使规格一样,大小也有不同。如BT有15、30、40、45、50、60等。 即使规格、大小都一样,有可能拉钉形状、螺纹不一样,或者法兰面形状不一样。这些都使得整体式镗刀在应用上遇到很大的困难。特别是近些年来,市场结构、需要日新月异,产品周期日益缩短,这就要求加工机械以及加工工具具有更充分的柔性。所以整体式镗刀大多数已从工厂中消失。

  模块式镗刀即是将镗刀分为:主柄、中间模块(等径、变径)、镗刀座、镗头、刀片等多个部分,然后根据具体的加工内容(粗镗、精镗;孔的直径、深度、形状;工件材料等等)进行自由组合。这样不但大大地减少了刀柄数量,降低了成本,可迅速应对各种加工要求,同时由于存在高精度连接面,起到了减振作用,这样就大大提高了镗刀的刚性。如今世界机械加工行业中80%以上都是使用的模块式镗刀。



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HL-WAVY EDGE BIT
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HO-CLASSICAL BIT
HP-CLASSICAL BIT
HQ-Magic Knife
HR-Butterfly knife
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HU-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT
HV-CLASSICAL MOULDING BIT WITHOUT BEARING

I-Beaded Curve Knife

IA-DOUBLE BEADING BIT
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ID-DRAGON BALL BIT
IE-A TYPE DRAWING LINE BIT
IF-DOUBLE DRAGON BALL BIT
IG-DRAGON BALL BIT

J-Crown curve decoration knives

JA-EDGE MOULDING BIT
JB-PALACE TYPE BIT
JC-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JD-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JE-CROWN MOULDING BIT
JF-CROWN MOULDING BIT

K-Architectural decorative knives streamlined

KA-DOUBLE ROUND NOSE BIT
KB-SPECIAL MOULDING BIT
KC-INTEREST MOULDING BIT
KD-FISH HANDRAIL BIT
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KF-VARIABLE-BEADING BIT
KG-CROWN MOULDING BIT
KH-HANDRAIL BIT

L-Rail line/line Knife

LA-TABLE EDGE BIT
LB-TABLE OGEE BIT
LC-TABLE CORNER BIT
LD-HANDRAIL CLASSICAL BIT
LE-TABLE CURVED ROUND BIT
LF-TRADITIONAL BIT
LG-15Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
LH-ROMAN CLASSICAL BIT
LI-TRADITIONAL BIT
LJ-TABLE EDGE BIT

M-Combination of high handrail Knife Bottle

MA-HANDRAIL BIT
MB-HANDRAIL BIT
MC-HANDRAIL BIT

N-Polymorphic classical Knife

NA-VERTICAL BIT
NB-RAISED PANEL BIT
NC-PANEL BIT
ND-15 degrees plate type knife
NE-45 Degree PANEL BIT
NF-UNDERMOUNT BOWL BIT
NG-S-TYPE BIT

O-Knife nail-like model lines

OA-FINGER GRIP BIT
OB-DOUBLE FINGER BIT
OC-A TWO SLOPES FINGERNAIL BIT
OD-SIDE FINGER NAIL TYPE BIT
OE-ARCH TYPE ROUTER BIT
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OG-FINGER NAIL BIT

P-T-tenon Knife

PA-DRAWER LOCK BIT
PB-T-TYPE SLOTTING CUTTER
PC-KEYHOLE BIT
PD-T-SLOT ROUTER BIT
PE-T-TYPE BIT WITH BEARING
PF-HINGE BIT
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PH-MITER BIT
PI-T-SLOT ROUTER BIT
PK-Long households knife

Q-T-tenon cutter combination of class

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QG-TONGUE & GROOVE BITS

R-Door Knife

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RB-Oblique arc knife
RC-Cascade knife
RD-Curved knife
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RF-Qingping knife
RG-Type clever knife
RH-Thin round knife
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RQ-OPEN-END CARVING BIT
RR-FLAT BOTTOM CUTTER

T-Solid Carbide cutting knives

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U-Other series

UA-Spindle machine flat knife, four planing knives
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UC-Circular knife
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