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您的位置:Guangzhou JeeFoo Tools Co.,Ltd >> 技术文章

刀具涂层的表面光滑技术

发布时间:2013-08-08

  目前,在全球机械加工行业中,日本的机床和切削刀具以其优良的性能和品质获得了很高评价,并被广泛使用。对于可转位刀片而言,半数以上使用了涂层牌号,从而保证了切削刃的耐磨性与韧性之间的平衡。

  虽然日本生产的涂层刀具进入国际市场较晚,但由于不断投入先进技术,使其在世界涂层刀具领域已步入技术领先的地位。日本各工具制造厂正夜以继日地研发新技术并投入涂层刀具生产中。本文以三菱材料公司开发并运用于产品中的新技术为例,介绍涂层刀具技术的发展状况。

  1.从市场需求看涂层刀具的技术发展前景

  从提高产品精度和质量、降低环境污染的角度出发,日本国内的机械制造业在生产现场展开了一场轰轰烈烈的生产技术和加工技术革新。

  但在加工技术的革新过程中,涂层刀具的某些性能事实上并没有完全达到用户的要求,影响刀具寿命的切屑粘结现象就是其中之一。就是说,虽然涂层刀具在耐磨性能和耐崩刃性能上取得了飞跃发展,但在如何克服切屑粘结现象以提高性能方面还不够先进。这种切屑粘结现象造成的损害在以不锈钢、球墨铸铁为代表的难切削材料的加工中时有发生。因为它属于非正常磨损,且难以预料,所以刀具寿命的变化幅度较大。由于存在这种不稳定因素,通常在加工时不得不把可加工工件数指标设定得较低,这在一定程度上影响了加工成本的降低。

  因此,通过提高刀具切削刃的表面光滑性,防止刀具与被切削材料产生粘结现象,从而获得加工性能改善的切削刀片就显得尤为重要。虽然这些表面光滑技术都是以最大限度地发挥涂层材料本身的耐磨耗性能,从而提高加工稳定性为目的,但各个公司采用的策略和方法却各有不同,有的是采用机械方法,有的则是通过改善涂层组织来获得表面光滑的切削刃。

  2.表面光滑技术所适用的产品

  在CVD涂层刀片常用的加工速度范围内,由于切削刃要承受500℃以上的高温,因此多数基体材料上都涂覆了热稳定性能优良的A12O3膜。A12O3涂层属于结晶性陶瓷,如果为了提高耐磨性而涂得太厚,镀膜表面的凹凸度也会随之增加,表面粗糙度加大。在切削过程中,被切削材料容易粘结在刀具表面,且在断续切削时难以有效地分散加工冲击力,从而容易导致积屑瘤、崩刃等异常损伤的发生。

  三菱材料公司很早就开始进行利用涂层刀具表面光滑技术来提高刀具切削性能的研发工作,并实施了多项研发成果。作为第一项应用于产品的表面光滑技术,在用于高速车削不锈钢的刀片牌号US7020上,经CVD涂层后实施了机械处理的表面光滑技术。在强韧的硬质合金基体材料上涂覆了以柱状晶TiCN膜和微粒光滑的A12O3膜为主体的多层硬质膜后,该涂层刀具在不锈钢的切削加工中显示出优良的切削性能,再加上采用了如前所述的表面光滑技术,有效抑制了被切削材料对切削刃的粘结现象。对于不锈钢加工而言,即使在V=200m/min的高速切削的条件下,也能保证稳定的刀具寿命。

  另外,在用于车削钢材的代表性刀片牌号UE6010和UE6020上也可采用表面光滑技术。适用于上述材质的表面光滑技术称为“光滑涂层技术”,是采用特殊的CVD技术,通过控制涂层生长来获得光滑的涂层表面。它是一种非机械处理方式,可在不损伤涂层的情况下实现涂层表面的光滑性。

  3.最佳的“全黑超级光滑涂层”技术

  在车削加工铸铁用的最新刀片牌号UC5105和UC5115上,运用了独特的化学处理表面光滑技术与机械光滑技术有机结合的复合表面处理技术——“全黑超级光滑涂层”。这项技术的运用可使涂层表面的光滑性达到极致。

  除了表面光滑技术以外,另一种全新的涂层材料高耐磨技术也适用于上述牌号。对于切削刀具而言,球墨铸铁属于特别难切削的材料之一。但由于应用了UC5105、UC5115牌号,使刀具的异常损伤大幅度减少,解决了球墨铸铁加工难题。另外,以高硬度硬质合金为基体材料的UC5105牌号的应用,使传统的涂层刀具难以完成、属于陶瓷刀具切削领域的铸铁高速加工成为可能。

  本文以三菱材料公司产品为例,介绍了涂层技术开发中表面光滑技术的应用。今后,仍将继续对市场需求进行深入调查,以及时开发出适应市场需求的涂层技术,满足市场对涂层刀具产品的需求。



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