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加工不锈则时对刀具的要求有哪些

发布时间:2013-08-08
对刀具几何参数的要求 加工不锈钢时,刀具切削部分的几何形状,一般应从前角、后角方面的选择来考虑。在选择前角时,要考虑卷屑槽型、有无倒棱和刃倾角的正负角度大小等因素。不论何种刀具,加工不锈钢时都必须采用较大的前角。增大刀具的前角可减小切屑切离和清出过程中所遇到的阻力。对后角选择要求不十分严格,但不宜过小,后角过小容易和工件表面产生严重摩擦,使加工表面粗糙度恶化,加速刀具磨损。并且由于强烈摩擦,增强了不锈钢表面加工硬化的效应;刀具后角也不宜过大,后角过大,使刀具的楔角减小,降低了切削刃的强度,加速了刀具的磨损。通常,后角应比加工普通碳钢时适当大些。
 对刀具切削部分表面粗糙度的要求 提高刀具切削部分的表面光洁度可减少切屑形成卷曲时的阻力,提高刀具的耐用度。与加工普通碳钢相比较,加工不锈钢时应适当降低切削用量以减缓刀具磨损;同时还要选择适当的冷却润滑液,以便降低切削过程中的切削热和切削力,延长刀具的使用寿命。
  对刀杆材料的要求 加工不锈钢时,由于切削力较大,故刀杆必须具备足够的强度和刚性,以免在切削过程中发生颤振和变形。这就要求选用适当大的刀杆截面积,同时还应采用强度较高的材料来制造刀杆,如采用调质处理的45号钢或50号钢。
  对刀具切削部分材料的要求 加工不锈钢时,要求刀具切削部分的材料具有较高的耐磨性,并能在较高的温度下保持其切削性能。目前常用的材料有:高速钢和硬质合金。由于高速钢只能在600°C以下保持其切削性能,因此不宜用于高速切削,而只适用于在低速情况下加工不锈钢。由于硬质合金比高速钢具有更好的耐热性和耐磨性,因此用硬质合金材料制成的刀具更适合不锈钢的切削加工。  
硬质合金分钨钴合金(YG)和钨钴钛合金(YT)两大类。钨钴类合金具有良好的韧性,制成的刀具可以采用较大的前角与刃磨出较为锋利的刃口,在切削过程中切屑易变形,切削轻快,切屑不容易粘刀,所以在一般情况下,用钨钴合金加工不锈钢比较合适。特别是在振动较大的粗加工和断续切削加工情况下更应采用钨钴合金刀片,它不象钨钴钛合金那样硬脆,不易刃磨,易崩刃。钨钴钛合金的红硬性较好,在高温条件下比钨钴合金耐磨,但它的脆性较大,不耐冲击、振动,一般作不锈钢精车用刀具。
前角的选择 从切削热的产生和散热方面说,增大前角可减小切削热的产生,切削温度不致于太高,但前角过大则因刀头散热体积减小,切削温度反而升高。减小前角可改善刀头散热条件,切削温度有可能降低,但前角过小,则切削变形严重,切削产生的热量不易散掉。实践表明,取前角go=15°~20°最为合适。
  后角的选择 粗加工时,对强力切削的刀具则要求切削刃口强度高,则应取较小的后角;精加工时,其刀具磨损主要发生在切削刃区和后刀面上,对于不锈钢这种易出现加工硬化的材料,其后刀面摩擦对加工表面质量及刀具磨损影响较大,合理的后角应为:加工奥氏体不锈钢(185HB以下),其后角可取6°~8°;加工马氏体不锈钢(250HB以上),其后角取6°~8°;加工马氏体不锈钢(250HB以下),其后角为6°~10°为宜。
  刃倾角的选择 刃倾角的大小和方向,确定了流屑的方向,合理选择刃倾角ls,通常取-10°~20°为宜。在微量精车外圆、精车孔、精刨平面时,应采用大刃倾角刀具:应取ls45°~75°。
  4 切削用量的选择
  为了抑制积屑瘤和鳞刺的产生,提高表面质量,用硬质合金刀具进行加工时,切削用量要比车削一般碳钢类工件稍低些,特别是切削速度不宜过高,一般推荐切削速度Vc=60~80m/min,切削深度为ap=4~7mm,进给量f=0.15~0.6mm/r为宜


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