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石墨加工专用刀具的特点与应用

发布时间:2013-08-08

     与铜电极相比,石墨电极具有电极消耗小、加工速度快、机械加工性能好、加工精度高、热变形小、重量轻、表面处理容易、耐高温、加工温度高、电极可粘结等优点。尽管石墨是一种非常容易切削的材料,但由于用作EDM电极的石墨材料必须具有足够的强度,以免在操作和EDM加工过程中受到破坏,同时电极形状(薄壁、小圆角、锐变等)也对石墨电极的晶粒尺寸和强度提出了较高要求,这导致在加工过程中石墨工件容易崩碎,刀具容易磨损。
    刀具磨损是石墨电极加工中最重要的问题。磨损量不仅影响刀具损耗费用、加工时间、加工质量,而且影响电极EDM加工工件材料的表面质量,是优化高速加工的重要参数。石墨电极材料加工的主要刀具磨损区域为前刀面和后刀面。在前刀面上,刀具与破碎切屑区的冲击接触产生冲击磨粒磨损,沿工具表面滑动的切屑产生滑动摩擦磨损。
    影响刀具磨损的主要因素包括:
    1刀具材料
    刀具材料是决定刀具切削性能的根
    本因素,对于加工效率、加工质量、加工成本以及刀具耐用度影响很大。刀具材料越硬,其耐磨性越好,硬度越高,冲击韧性越低,材料越脆。硬度和韧性是一对矛盾,也是刀具材料所应解决的一个关键问题。对于石墨刀具,普通的TiAlN涂层可在选材上适当选择韧性相对好一点的,也就是钴含量稍高一点的;对于金刚石涂层石墨刀具,可在选材上适当选择硬度相对高一点的,也就是钴含量稍低一点的。
    2刀具几何角度
    石墨专用刀具选择合适的几何角度,有助于减小刀具的振动,反过来,石墨工件也不容易崩缺。
    2.1前角
    采用负前角加工石墨时,刀具刃口强度较好,耐冲击和摩擦的性能好,随着负前角绝对值的减小,后刀面磨损面积变化不大,但总体呈减小趋势,采用正前角加工时,随着前角的增大,刀具刃口强度被削弱,反而导致后刀面磨损加剧。负前角加工时,切削阻力大,增大了切削振动,采用大正前角加工时,刀具磨损严重,切削振动也较大。
    2.2后角
    如果后角增大,则刀具刃口强度降低,后刀面磨损面积逐渐增大。刀具后角过大后,切削振动加强。
    2.3螺旋角
    螺旋角较小时,同一切削刃上同时切入石墨工件的刃长最长,切削阻力最大,刀具承受的切削冲击力最大,因而刀具磨损、铣削力和切削振动都是最大的。当螺旋角较大时,铣削合力的方向偏离工件表面的程度大,石墨材料因崩碎而造成的切削冲击加剧,因而刀具磨损、铣削力和切削振动也都有所增大。因此,刀具角度变化对刀具磨损、铣削力和切削振动的影响是前角、后角及螺旋角综合产生的,所以在选择时一定要多加注意。
    3刀具涂层
    金刚石涂层刀具具有硬度高、耐磨性好、摩擦系数低等优点。
在现阶段,金刚石涂层是石墨加工刀具的最佳选择,也最能体现石墨刀具优越的使用性能。金刚石涂层硬质合金刀具的优点是:综合了天然金刚石的硬度和硬质合金的强度及断裂韧性。但是,目前在国内,金刚石涂层技术还处于起步阶段,还有成本的投入也很大,所以金刚石涂层在近期不会有太大发展。不过,我们可以在普通刀具的基础上,优化刀具的角度、选材和改善普通涂层的结构,在某种程度上,还是可以在石墨加工中应用的。
    金刚石涂层刀具与普通涂层刀具的几何角度有本质区别,因此,在设计金刚石涂层刀具时,由于石墨加工的特殊性,其几何角度可适当放大,容屑槽也变大,而不会降低刀具刃口的耐磨性。对于普通的TiAlN涂层,虽然与无涂层刀具相比,其耐磨性有显著提高,但比起金刚石涂层来说,在加工石墨时其几何角度应适当减小,以增加其耐磨性。
    对金刚石涂层来说,目前世界上众多涂层公司均投入大量人力物力来研究开发相关技术,但迄今为止,国外技术成熟而经济性又好的涂层公司仅限于欧洲企业。
    4刀具刃口强化
    刀具刃口的钝化是一个还不被人们普遍重视,而又十分重要的问题。用金刚石砂轮刃磨后的硬质合金刀具切削刃,存在程度不同的微观缺口(即微小崩刃与锯齿)。石墨的高速切削加工对刀具性能和稳定性提出了更高要求,特别是金刚石涂层刀具,在涂层前必须经过刀口钝化处理,才能保证涂层的牢固性和使用寿命。刀具钝化的目的,就是解决刀具刃磨后的刃口微观缺口的问题,减小其锋利度,达到圆滑平整,既坚固又耐用的目的。
    5切削加工条件
    切削加工条件的选择对于刀具寿命有相当大的影响。
    5.1切削方式(顺铣和逆铣)
    顺铣的切削振动小于逆铣。顺铣时,刀具切入厚度从最大减小到零,刀具切入工件后,不会出现因切不下切屑而造成的弹刀现象,工艺系统刚性好,切削振动小;逆铣时,刀具的切入厚度从零增加到最大,刀具切入初期,因切削厚度薄,将在工件表面划擦一段路径,此时,刃口如果遇到石墨材料中的硬质点或残留在工件表面的切屑颗粒,都将引起刀具的弹刀或颤振,因此逆铣的切削振动较大。
    5.2吹气(或吸尘)和浸渍电火花液加工
    及时清理工件表面的石墨粉尘,有利于减小刀具二次磨损,延长刀具使用寿命,减少石墨粉尘对机床丝杠和导轨的影响。
    5.3其它事项
    选择合适的高转速及相应的大进给量。
    综合以上各点,刀具的材料、几何角度、涂层、刃口强化及切削加工条件,在刀具的使用寿命中扮演着不同的角色,缺一不可,相辅相成。一把好的石墨刀具,应具备流畅的石墨粉排屑槽、长的使用寿命、能够进行深雕刻加工,能节约加工成本。



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