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您的位置:Guangzhou JeeFoo Tools Co.,Ltd >> 技术文章

塑胶模具基本知识

发布时间:2013-08-08

1、引言 

   我们日常生产、生活中所使用到的各种工具和产品,大到机床的底座、机身外壳,小到一个胚头螺丝、纽扣以及各种家用电器的外壳,无不与模具有着密切的关系。模具的形状决定着这些产品的外形,模具的加工质量与精度也就决定着这些产品的质量。因为各种产品的材质、外观、规格及用途的不同,模具分为了铸造模、锻造模、压铸模、冲压模等非塑胶模具,以及塑胶模具。 

   近年来,随着塑料工业的飞速发展和通用与工程塑料在强度和精度等方面的不断提高,塑料制品的应用范围也在不断扩大,如:家用电器、仪器仪表,建筑器材,汽车工业、日用五金等众多领域,塑料制品所占的比例正迅猛增加。一个设计合理的塑料件往往能代替多个传统金属件。工业产品和日用产品塑料化的趋势不断上升。 

2、模具的一般定义:在工业生产中,用各种压力机和装在压力机上的专用工具,通过压力把金属或非金属材料制出所需形状的零件或制品,这种专用工具统称为模具。 

3、注塑过程说明:模具是一种生产塑料制品的工具。它由几组零件部分构成,这个组合内有成型模腔。注塑时,模具装夹在注塑机上,熔融塑料被注入成型模腔内,并在腔内冷却定型,然后上下模分开,经由顶出系统将制品从模腔顶出离开模具,最后模具再闭合进行下一次注塑,整个注塑过程是循环进行的。 

4、模具的一般分类:可分为塑胶模具及非塑胶模具: 

(1)非塑胶模具有:铸造模、锻造模、冲压模、压铸模等。 

A.铸造模——水龙头、生铁平台 
B.锻造模——汽车身 
C.冲压模——计算机面板 
D.压铸模——超合金,汽缸体 

(2)塑胶模具根据生产工艺和生产产品的不同又分为: 

A.注射成型模——电视机外壳、键盘按钮(应用最普遍) 
B.吹气模——饮料瓶 
C.压缩成型模——电木开关、科学瓷碗碟 
D.转移成型模——集成电路制品 
E.挤压成型模——胶水管、塑胶袋 
F.热成型模——透明成型包装外壳 
G.旋转成型模——软胶洋娃娃玩具 

◆ 注射成型是塑料加工中最普遍采用的方法。该方法适用于全部热塑性塑料和部分热固性塑料,制得的塑料制品数量之大是其它成型方法望尘莫及的,作为注射成型加工的主要工具之一的注塑模具,在质量精度、制造周期以及注射成型过程中的生产效率等方面水平高低,直接影响产品的质量、产量、成本及产品的更新,同时也决定着企业在市场竞争中的反应能力和速度。
◆注塑模具是由若干块钢板配合各种零件组成的,基本分为: 

A 成型装置(凹模,凸模) 
B 定位装置(导柱,导套) 
C 固定装置(工字板,码模坑) 
D 冷却系统(运水孔) 
E 恒温系统(加热管,发热线) 
F 流道系统(唧咀孔,流道槽,流道孔) 
G 顶出系统(顶针,顶棍) 

5、根据浇注系统型制的不同可将模具分为三类: 

(1) 大水口模具:流道及浇口在分模线上,与产品在开模时一起脱模,设计最简单,容易加工,成本较低,所以较多人采用大水口系统作业。 

(2) 细水口模具:流道及浇口不在分模线上,一般直接在产品上,所以要设计多一组水口分模线,设计较为复杂,加工较困难,一般要视产品要求而选用细水口系统。 

(3) 热流道模具:此类模具结构与细水口大体相同,其最大区别是流道处于一个或多个有恒温的热流道板及热唧嘴里,无冷料脱模,流道及浇口直接在产品上,所以流道不需要脱模,此系统又称为无水口系统,可节省原材料,适用于原材料较贵、制品要求较高的情况,设计及加工困难,模具成本较高。 

热流道系统,又称热浇道系统,主要由热浇口套,热浇道板,温控电箱构成。我们常见的热流道系统有单点热浇口和多点热浇口二种形式。单点热浇口是用单一热浇口套直接把熔融塑料射入型腔,它适用单一腔单一浇口的塑料模具;多点热浇口是通过热浇道板把熔融料分枝到各分热浇口套中再进入到型腔,它适用于单腔多点入料或多腔模具. 

◆热流道系统的优势 

(1)无水口料,不需要后加工,使整个成型过程完全自动化,节省工作时间,提高工作效率。 

(2)压力损耗小。热浇道温度与注塑机射嘴温度相等, 避免了原料在浇道内的表面冷凝现象,注射压力损耗小。 

(3)水口料重复使用会使塑料性能降解,而使用热流道系统没有水口料,可减少原材料的损耗,从而降低产品成本。在型腔中温度及压力均匀,塑件应力小,密度均匀,在较小的注射压力下,较短的成型时间内,注塑出比一般的注塑系统更好的产品。对于透明件、薄件、大型塑件或高要求塑件更能显示其优势,而且能用较小机型生产出较大产品。 

(4)热喷嘴采用标准化、系列化设计,配有各种可供选择的喷嘴头,互换性好。独特设计加工的电加热圈,可达到加热温度均匀,使用寿命长。热流道系统配备热流道板、温控器等,设计精巧,种类多样,使用方便,质量稳定可靠。 

◆热流道系统应用的不足之处 

(1)整体模具闭合高度加大,因加装热浇道板等,模具整体高度有所增加。 
(2)热辐射难以控制,热浇道最大的毛病就是浇道的热量损耗,是一个需要解决的重大课题。 
(3)存在热膨胀,热胀冷缩是我们设计时要考虑的问题。 
(4)模具制造成本增加,热浇道系统标准配件价格较高,影响热浇道模具的普及。 



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I-Beaded Curve Knife

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K-Architectural decorative knives streamlined

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L-Rail line/line Knife

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LD-HANDRAIL CLASSICAL BIT
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LF-TRADITIONAL BIT
LG-15Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
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N-Polymorphic classical Knife

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NG-S-TYPE BIT

O-Knife nail-like model lines

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OG-FINGER NAIL BIT

P-T-tenon Knife

PA-DRAWER LOCK BIT
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PC-KEYHOLE BIT
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PH-MITER BIT
PI-T-SLOT ROUTER BIT
PK-Long households knife

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QC-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
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QF-STYLE & RAIL ASSEMBLES
QG-TONGUE & GROOVE BITS

R-Door Knife

RA-Tanaka knife
RB-Oblique arc knife
RC-Cascade knife
RD-Curved knife
RE-Feng cutter
RF-Qingping knife
RG-Type clever knife
RH-Thin round knife
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RN-CLASSICAL PLUNGE BIT
RO-15Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
RP-10Degree HORSE NOSE BIT
RQ-OPEN-END CARVING BIT
RR-FLAT BOTTOM CUTTER

T-Solid Carbide cutting knives

TCT-SOLID CARBIDE STRAIGHT BIT

U-Other series

UA-Spindle machine flat knife, four planing knives
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UC-Circular knife
UD-Speaker Knife
UE-A knife series
UF-Helical flat knife
UG-Small door knife (knife cabinet) series
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UI-Wallboard knife
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Uk-Spiral Square Series
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UN-Edge Knife
UO-Large door knife series
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UQ-Flooring Knife
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