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铣刀的种类及选择

发布时间:2013-08-08

铣刀的种类及选择

铣刀为多齿回转刀具,其每一个刀齿都相当于一把车刀固定在铣刀的回转面上。铣削时同时参加切削的切削刃较长,且无空行程,Vc也较高,所以生产率较高。铣刀种类很多,结构不一,应用范围很广,按其用途可分为加工平面用铣刀、加工沟槽用铣刀、加工成形面用铣刀等三大类。通用规格的铣刀已标准化,一般均由专业工具厂生产。现介绍几种常用铣刀的特点及其适用范围。

1.圆柱铣刀

圆柱铣刀如如下。它一般都是用高速钢制成整体的,螺旋形切削刃分布在圆柱表面上,没有副切削刃,螺旋形的刀齿切削时是逐渐切人和脱离工件的,所以切削过程较平稳。主要用于卧式铣床上加工宽度小于铣刀长度的狭长平面。

根据加工要求不同,圆柱铣刀有粗齿、细齿之分,粗齿的容屑槽大,用于粗加工,细齿用于精加工。铣刀外径较大时,常制成镶齿的。

2.面铣刀

面铣刀,主切削刃分布在圆柱或圆锥表面上,端面切削刃为副切削刃,铣刀的轴线垂直于被加工表面。按刀齿材料可分为高速钢和硬质合金两大类,多制成套式镶齿结构,刀体材料为40Cr。

高速钢面铣刀按国家标准规定,直径d=80~250mm,螺旋角β=10°,刀齿数Z=10~26。

硬质合金面铣刀与高速钢铣刀相比,铣削速度较高、加工表面质量也较好,并可加工带有硬皮和淬硬层的工件,故得到广泛应用。硬质合金面铣刀按刀片和刀齿的安装方式不同,可分为整体式、机夹一焊接式和可转位式三种。

面铣刀主要用在立式铣床或卧式铣床上加工台阶面和平面,特别适合较大平面的加工,主偏角为90°的面铣刀可铣底部较宽的台阶面。用面铣刀加工平面,同时参加切削的刀齿较多,又有副切削刃的修光作用,使加工表面粗糙度值小,因此可以用较大的切削用量,生产率较高,应用广泛。

3.立铣刀

立铣刀是数控铣削中最常用的一种铣刀,其结构,圆柱面上的切削刃是主切削刃,端面上分布着副切削刃,主切削刃一般为螺旋齿,这样可以增加切削平稳性,提高加工精度。由于普通立铣刀端面中心处无切削刃,所以立铣刀工作时不能作轴向进给,端面刃主要用来加工与侧面相垂直的底平面。

为了改善切屑卷曲情况,增大容屑空间,防止切屑堵塞,刀齿数比较少,容屑槽圆弧半径则较大。一般粗齿立铣刀齿数Z=3~4,细齿立铣刀齿数Z=5~8,套式结构Z=10~20,容屑槽圆弧半径r=2~5mm。当立铣刀直径较大时,还可制成不等齿距结构,以增强抗振作用,使切削过程平稳。

标准立铣刀的螺旋角β为40°~45°(粗齿)和30°~35°(细齿),套式结构立铣刀的β为15°~25°。

直径较小的立铣刀,一般制成带柄形式。φ2~φ71mm的立铣刀为直柄;φ6~φ63mm的立铣刀为莫氏推柄;φ25~80mm的立铣刀为带有螺孔的7:24锥柄,螺孔用来拉紧刀具。直径大干φ40~φ160mm的立铣刀可做成套式结构。

立铣刀主要用于加工凹槽,台阶面以及利用靠模加工成形面。另外有粗齿大螺旋角立铣刀、玉米铣刀、硬质合金波形刃立铣刀等,它们的直径较大,可以采用大的进给量,生产率很高。

4.三面刃铣刀

三面刃铣刀,可分为直齿三面刃和错齿三面刃。它主要用在卧式铣床上加工台阶面和一端或二端贯穿的浅沟槽。三面刃铣刀除圆周具有主切削刃外,两侧面也有副切削刃,从而改善了切削条件,提高了切削效率,减小了表面粗糙度值。但重磨后宽度尺寸变化较大,镶齿三面刃铣刀可解决这一个问题。

5.锯片铣刀

锯片铣刀如下,锯片铣刀本身很薄,只在圆周上有刀齿,用于切断工件和铣窄槽。为了避免夹刀,其厚度由边缘向中心减薄,使两侧形成副偏角。

6.键槽铣刀

键槽铣刀。它的外形与立铣刀相似,不同的是它在圆周上只有两个螺旋刀齿,其端面刀齿的刀刃延伸至中心,既象立铣刀,又像钻头。因此在铣两端不通的键槽时,可以作适量的轴向进给。它主要用于加工圆头封闭键槽,使用它加工时,要作多次垂直进给和纵向进给才能完成键槽加工。

国家标准规定,直柄键槽铣刀直径d=2~22mm,锥柄键精铣刀直径d=14~50mm。键槽铣刀直径的偏差有e8和d8两种。键槽铣刀的圆周切削刃仅在靠近端面的一小段长度内发生磨损,重磨时,只需刃磨端面切削刃,因此重磨后铣刀直径不变。

其它还有角度铣刀、成形铣刀、T形槽铣刀、燕尾槽铣刀、仿形铣用的指形铣刀等



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